Am. Jour. Sci , Vol. XXXVII, Jan., 1914. 



Plate II. 



VOLCANO VOLATILE AND AERIAL 



I a p Burning gases- true flames. I Transparent bluish vapo 



TENER.IFPE / A " Opaque vapor cloud - the white ..panache. >. 



It/VCMfft / 6 |2 Ll(;lu ^piosivj effec , s . pun - s , rinKS| vortices. 



DATE 



No vf/viBf S 



1909. 



VOLCANO 



KlLAUEA 



) 



k 1. Burning 



. /I. Opaqui 



*'\2. Light, 



/i. Strong 



VOLATILE AND AERIAL 

 gases— true flames. 2. Transparent bluisl 

 vapor cloud - the white « panache ». 

 xplosive effects - puff's, rings, vortices, 

 explosive effects — aerial concussion, 

 mean detonation. 3 Catastrophic explo 



kDATE 

 July 

 till. 



Darkjets, volutes, spear-head projection 



(chaotic ejectamenta — cone debris). 

 The ash « pino ». Showers of ash 

 I. Large angular blocks & bowlders 

 1. Pisolites. 2. Mud showers. 



fiMneaf flashes 



B \2. Globe z.Stella 

 Sharp crackle. 

 Heavy thunder. 

 Silent discharge — Si Elmo's Fire. 



a.Voicanicligh 

 b. Detonation < 



a. Fumaroles — primary type 



{developed on volcanic channels) 



b. Fumaroles — secondary type 



{on erupted lava or clastic ejecla) 



c. Flame-emitting fumaroles. 



Pele 



Ha 



/ 1. Lava founta 



\ 3. Thread4ace«limu.>. 4. Pele's Tear-drops. 



1.' Vitreous sand. 2. Lapilli & scoriae. 



3. Bombs & figured projectiles. 

 1. Pumice. 2. Nuees ardentes. 



a.InteY-crater lava-flows. 1 . Lava lakes. 

 *.The«Crater-glow»— pseudo flame. 

 ciTerminal overflow / i.pahoehoe. 

 ~\ ^.Outflow, lateral vents* 2. a-a type. 



1 - Spines, domes, etc. 



[3. Consecutive. 

 Bradyseisms. I. Transient. 2. Persistent. 



DIAGRAM CHART 



{Perret system) 



of Volcanic Activity 



{Physical) 



a. Demolition, 

 * Translocate 



subsidence, collapse. 1 Terminal 2. Lateral. 

 3. Subsubjale 

 I 1. Hoi ask flows & dry avalanches. 

 n \ 2. Inter-crateric slides. 3. Mud lavas. 

 Landslides of volcanic causation. 



OBSERVER 



Terket. 



VOLCANO VOLATI 



\ a 1. Burning gases -true 



KCAKATOA / , /i. Opaque vapor clou 



■ f '12. Light explosive eff, 



LE AND AERIAL 



DIAGRAM CHART 



{Perret system) 



of Volcanic Activity 



{Physical) 



Demolition, subsidence, collapse. 1. Terminal 2. Lateral. 

 3. Subsurface 

 I 1. Not ash flows cy dr, avalanches. 

 \ 2. Inter-crateric slides. 3. Mud lavas. 

 Landslides of volcanic causation. 





/ OBSERVER 



DESCRIPTION 



