26 J. D. Dana — History of the Changes in Kilauea. 



position with reference to the walls. The view is from a 

 photograph of a painting made by Mr. Perry, a California artist, 

 in 1864 (?) the year of Mr. Brigham's first visit, and which I 

 received from Mr. Brigham in March. 1865.* The sketch of 

 the crater bears evidence throughout of great accuracy of de- 

 tail. It has much interest also because it gives, with clear defi- 

 nition, the outlines of the depression (on the left) between 

 Kilauea and the side crater Kilauea-iki ; — in which respect it 

 is more satisfactory than Drayton's sketch. The point of view 

 was on the north border of Kilauea, a little to the east of 

 Drayton's ; and consequently it necessarily differs widely from 

 Drayton's sketch as regards the headlands of the western wall, 

 yet resembles it quite closely on the eastern side. Halema'u- 

 ma'u is not defined ; and this is explained by Mr. Brigham's 

 map and description. 



Mr. Brigham's map shows also the positions of active lava- 

 lakes in 1864 or 1865, lettered i, k, I, m/ and the interesting 

 fact is to be noted that two of them, to the northwest, i, k lie 

 at the edge of the black ledge, while I, m are a little back of it, 

 but in a line with i, k. 



The long curving line of deep fissures and fault-plane, already 

 referred to as marking the outline of the Halema'uma'u region, 

 is seen on Plate 1, at a h, not to be concentric with the Hale- 

 ma'uma'u basin of either Brigham's map (p. 21) or of the re- 

 cent map ; but to that of Halema'uma'u plus the New Lake 

 region of 1884 to 1887. Thus in 1865, when Halema'uma'u 

 appeared as a small basin 1,000 feet broad (not half its existing 

 breadth), the fissure indicated the presence of deep-seated con- 

 ditions as to the fires and forces, that finally ultimated in its 

 extension over the New Lake area. And the expression of this 

 fact in 1865 was doubled by a second concentric fissure 500 

 feet farther north (Plate 1, e d). Further, four of the cones 

 mapped by Brigham in the vicinity of Halema'uma'u in 1865, 

 p, q, r, s, on Plate 1, are inside of the existing Halema'uma'u 

 basin ; and one of the others, o, is near the north border, and 

 another, t, is close by the east side of New Lake. 



On Mr. Brigham's map, the position is given of a very large 

 loose block of lava, which is shown at w, on Plate 1. It lies, 

 as is seen, in the northwest part of the crater, and is over the 

 lower edge of what in 1840 (see Wilkes's map, p. 20) was an 

 inclined but even lava plain to the bottom that had been made 

 in 1840 by an oblique down plunge (xxxiv, 82) carrying the 

 inner side of the great mass down and leaving the other, that 

 against the black ledge, on a level with the ledge, with a broad 



* See Brigham's Memoir, page 419, where a wood-cut from it is introduced, 

 but without doing the photograph justice. Mr. Brigham does not state in his 

 memoir the date of the painting. "Perry" is mentioned as the painter on page 



