452 W. J. McGee — Three Formations of 



the formation in New Jersey, and enumerated other mammalia 

 of the " terrace epoch " apparently from the same deposit (at 

 least in part), including Elep/ias primigenius, Mastodon gigan- 

 teus, Eqtms fratemus, E. complicatus, Dicotyles nasutus, Cer- 

 vus Virginiana and C. canadensis* 



In 1875 Kerr combined and referred to the Quaternary or 

 post-Pliocene a succession of clays, sands, gravels, etc., cover- 

 ing the Coastal plain in North Carolina up to 500 feet above 

 tide, and classified them as " Glacial," " Champlain " and 

 " Terrace," f finding evidence of sub-aqueous deposition (1) in 

 structure, (2) in " littoral and estuary shells undistinguishable 

 specifically from those now living along the shore,";}: and (3) in 

 terraces,§ and of coeval refrigeration (1) in bowlders and (2) 

 in indications of soil-cap movement.! Further investigation 

 led him to divide the deposits into Eocene^f and undoubted 

 Quaternary, the latter rising about 100 feet above tide at Wei- 

 don and elsewhere in the northern part of the State, but in- 

 clining southward nearly to sea level on Cape Fear River; 

 and he inferred from the presence of the deposits, their struc- 

 ture, and their fossils of recent marine species, as well as the 

 terraces, that the formation was laid down during a Quaternary 

 submergence " to the extent of probably 200 feet " on the Roa- 

 noke, but diminishing to only a few feet in the southern part 

 of the State.** 



Kerr's later work is important in that it harmonizes and ex- 

 tends that of W. B. Rogers and others in Virginia, and that of 

 Lyell and Tuomey in South Carolina. 



In 1879 Fontaine incidentally noted certain characters of the 

 formation, mentioned its unconformity to the Mesozoic and 

 Tertiary deposits, recorded its presence along the Potomac, 

 James, and Roanoke rivers up to altitudes of 60 feet, and 

 concluded that at least a part of it was deposited during the 

 Glacial period by aqueo glacial agencies. ff 



In 1880 Lewis separated the superficial deposits of Philadel- 

 phia into (1) Brick Clay, (2) Red Gravel, (3) Black Gravel, 

 (4) Yellow Gravel or Philadelphia Gravel, (5) Micaceous Sand, 

 and (6) Bowlders \%% and later in the same year he combined 

 the second and third, and apparently the fifth and sixth, of 

 these divisions under the name of " Philadelphia Red Gravel," 

 which he referred to the Champlain, and identified the " Yel- 

 low Gravel" of New Jersey with the fourth division (then 



* Geology of New Jersey, 1868, 740. 

 f Report G-eol. Survey of North Carolina, i, 1875, 154. 

 i Ibid., 155. § Ibid., 195 [misprint for 159.J || Ibid., 158. 



i[ The Appomattox formation was not discriminated by Kerr, though it com- 

 prises the greater part of the deposits described. 



** Jour. Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 1884-5, Raleigh, 1885, 83-84. 



ff This Journal, III, xvii, 1879, 42-3, 50, 54. 



X% Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. xxxii, 1880, 262. 



