THE 



AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE 



[THIRD SERIES.] 



Akt. I. — The Inconsistencies of Utilitarianism as the Exclusive 

 Theory of Organic Evolution ; by Rev. John T. Gulick. 



Natural Selection an Exclusive Theory toith some -Biologists. 



In a previous article, entitled ''Divergent Evolution and 

 the Darwinian Theory,"* I dwelt chiefly on the need of a 

 bionomic theory that should explain polytypic, as well as 

 inonotypic, evolution. One of the chief deficiencies in Dar- 

 win's discussion of the "Origin of Species," is that he does 

 not distinguish with sufficient clearness the conditions that are 

 necessary for the transformation of an original species into a 

 new species, when the former disappears in the process, leaving 

 the latter to occupy its place, and the conditions that are neces- 

 sary for the production of two or more species from one 

 original species. In this paper it may be instructive to 

 examine a vigorous attempt that has been made so to expound 

 the theory of natural selection (which Darwin considered as 

 inadequate to cover all the forms of monotypic evolution,) 

 that it shall serve as the full explanation of both monotypic 

 and polytypic evolution in all organisms lower than man. By 

 confining our attention to Mr. Wallace's very interesting and 

 suggestive volume on "Darwinism," we shall be better able to 

 judge of the possibility of producing a self -consistent theory 

 on this basis ; but we should bear in mind that the same view 

 is maintained by many naturalists, and that parallel statements 

 abound in their writings. Mr. Wallace's volume not only 

 embodies the mature reflections of one of the joint authors of 



* This Journal, vol. xxxix, pp. 21-30. 



Am. Jour. Sci. — Third Series, Vol. XL, No. 235. — July, 1890. 

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