T. Holm — Studies in the Cyperacece. 209 



neither in regard to the mere outline, when considered in 

 transverse section, or as to the minor details of the anatomical 

 structure. The presence of a seta, which, as we have described 

 in previously published papers, depends only upon the pro- 

 longation of rhacheola, has by some authors been considered 

 as characteristic of Psyllophorce, being especially well devel- 

 oped in C. microglochin, C Fraseri and several others, but is, 

 also, common to many species of Carices genuince. If we 

 finally compare the position or rather the direction of utricu- 

 lus in immature and mature specimens of the Dioicce, we 

 notice certain accordances with some of the other Carices. In 

 C. dioeca, for instance, the utricles are erect during anthesis, 

 but spreading, when the fruit is mature. This change of 

 direction is, also, noticeable in the other species of Dioicce 

 (excluding C. capitata), but is, moreover, characteristic of a 

 number of other Carices with the spikes squarrose at maturity 

 {C. echinata, Cflava, C Pseudocyperus, etc.), while in others 

 the utricles maintain their original erect position, being more 

 or less appressed to the rhachis as in C. vulgaris, C. misandra, 

 C pratensis, etc. 



In summarizing these general characters, those that were 

 formerly looked upon as being peculiar to the Psyllophorce^ 

 and those which they have in common with the other Carices, 

 we cannot consider these monostachyous species as constitut- 

 ing a section or grex distinct from the others, but we feel 

 more inclined to accept them as lesser developed types and 

 referable to the greges of Vignece and Carices genuine, in the 

 same way as we already outlined the Stenocarpce, including 

 C. lejocarpa and C circinata as formse hebetatse of these. 

 In the present paper, it is our intention to demonstrate the 

 affinities of the Dioicce, as understood by Tuckermann, 

 although we have felt obliged to exclude C capitata L., which, 

 according to our opinion, is better placed among the JVardi?im 

 Fr., as already suggested by Rev. Gr. Kiikenthal. These 

 dioecious species are as follows : Carex dioeca L., C. gynocrates 

 Wormskj., C. parallela Lsest, C DavallianaSm. and C exilis 

 Dew. However, monoecious forms are known of all these 

 species and are so common in C. gynocrates and C. exilis, that 

 it is difficult to say whether these two are typically dioecious or 

 monoecious, and in regard to the former this was originally 

 described as a monoecious species with androgynous spike, 

 being the most prevalent form in Greenland. Since then the 

 species has, also, been collected on the North American conti- 

 nent and in Kamtschatka as monoecious and dioecious, the latter 

 being undoubtedly the most frequent form in this country. 

 If Meyer's C. Redowskyana be identical with C. gynocrates, 

 the plant from Kamtschatka is truly dioecious. To separate 



