254 H. L. Fair child — Glacial Lakes in Central New Yor~k~ 



The Watkins Lake occupied the upper Seneca Valley with 

 outlet at Horseheads to the Chernung Kiver. This was the- 

 predecessor of Lake Newberry, the latter being simply the 

 former lake widely expanded into the Cayuga and other valleys 

 adjacent to the Seneca Yalley. (See page 255). 



The Ithaca Lake occupied the Cayuga Yalley with an outlet 

 southeast to Catatonk Creek and the Susquehanna Kiver. 



The Groton and Moravia Lakes occupied the Owasco Yalley, 

 the former being the primitive lake in the main valley with 

 outlet at Freeville, the latter being the later and larger lake 

 with lower outlet southwest ; both stages being tributary to 

 the Cayuga waters. 



The h'rst glacial Skaneateles, in the valley of that name, 

 overflowed by the head of the valley past Scott village and 

 Homer to the Tioughnioga Creek, but a later and much lower 

 stage, called the Mandana Lake (from the name of its outlet) 

 received the overflow of glacial waters of the Otisco and 

 Onondaga Valleys, and had its outlet westward into the 

 Warren waters, which then occupied the Owasco Yalley. 



The glacial Otisco overflowed at first southward past Preble 

 village to the Tioughnioga Creek, but a later stage of the 

 waters, the Marietta Lake, had outlet westward into the lower 

 stage of the Skaneateles. At the foot of this valley, and also 

 of the Onondaga and Butternut Valleys, we find the great 

 channels and deltas, produced by the eastward flow of Warren 

 and later waters, which are to be discussed in this paper. 



The Cardiff Lake occupied the upper Onondaga Valley and 

 overflowed through the site of the Tully Lakes to the Tiough- 

 nioga Creek. A later, lower lake in the middle section of the 

 Onondaga, the south Onondaga Lake, had its outlet by two 

 successive channels westward to the Marietta Lake in the 

 Otisco Valley. 



Butternut Valley was long occupied by a primitive glacial 

 lake, called the Butternut Lake, with outlet near Apulia sta- 

 tion to the Tioughnioga Creek below Tully village. When 

 the valley was nearly clear of ice the glacial waters escaped 

 for a time westward into the Onondaga Valley. 



Eastward is still another north and south valley involved in 

 this history, that of Limestone Creek. The earlier local lake 

 phenomena have not been studied, but the lower (northward) 

 part of the valley was occupied by the hyper-Iroquois waters 

 and related to the great eastward-leading river channels. 



In the eastern valleys, Skaneateles, Otisco, and Onondaga, 

 the later glacial lake history is intricate and with surprising 

 changes of drainage. It will be noted that the later, local 

 glacial waters drained westward — those of the Butternut 

 Valley into the Onondaga, the Onondaga into the Otisco, the 





