H. L. Fair child — Glacial Lakes in Central New York. 259 



Falls, 840 feet ; between Montour Falls and Odessa, 840 feet ; 

 at Himrods, 853 feet (?) ; at Hector Station, 872 feet ; at Lodi 

 Station, 874 feet; at Ovid, 877 feet. 



In the Cayuga Valley the Warren levels have been measured 

 at Coy Glen, 831 feet, with a higher bench 865 feet ; at Willow 

 Creek, 829 to 863 feet ; at Taughannock Falls, 826 to 849 feet ; 

 at Trumansburg, 829 to 834 feet. In the Owasco Valley, at 

 Locke, 860 to 870 feet, and at Moravia, 855 to 882 feet (ane- 

 roid). The two levels in the Cayuga and Owasco Valleys are 

 significant. These vary from 23 to 34 feet apart and are 

 thought to represent the fall from the normal Warren level 

 down to the first enduring level with eastward discharge, possi- 

 bly the rock sill at the head of the channel southeast of James- 

 ville (see pages 251 and 260). Th£ lower level is hypo-Warren, 

 or, more accurately, hyper-Iroquois. 



Extinction. — The life of Lake Warren was terminated by 

 the opening of a new and lower outlet, eastward, past the ice- 

 front, to the Mohawk-Hudson. For a long period, perhaps 

 several thousand years, its waters had been tributary to the 

 Mississippi, but for some centuries they had been creeping 

 eastward along the ice front as if in patient search for a new 

 escape that was sure to come. It should be kept in mind that 

 the district we are considering has been uplifted to its present 

 level since that time ; it then lay at a much lower altitude. 



The most western spillway of the eastern discharge of 

 Warren waters is on the crest of the Corniferous escarpment 

 four miles west-northwest of Marcellus village, and the same 

 distance north-northeast of Skaneateles. The present elevation 

 of the sill or intake at the lowest point is given by Mr. Gilbert 

 as 812 feet, which is perhaps 80 or 90 feet under the theoreti- 

 cal Warren plane. There has been some removal of overlying 

 drift and possibly of shale, and the intake has probably 

 migrated backward to the present point. But this outlet, the 

 " Gulf," was probably not the earliest nor highest spillway. 

 In another writing (see reference, p. 256} reasons have been 

 given for believing that the Warren waters at their full height 

 invaded the region as far east as the Onondaga Valley and pos- 

 sibly the Butternut Valley. Their first and highest eastern escape 

 was east of the Onondaga Valley, in the vicinity of James- 

 ville (see map, p. 251) and the waters were quietly lowered 

 upon the hollows between drumlins at the head of the Gulf 

 channel. 



For years after the eastern escape was opened Lake Warren 

 must have had two outlets and divided its contribution of 

 surplus water between the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico ; 

 but soon after the Gulf outlet was opened it doubtless 

 carried the entire overflow. Whenever this occurred the lake 

 was no longer Lake Warren. 



