410 Othniel Charles Marsh. 



spent some time exploring the Cretaceous beds of western 

 Kansas, so rich in the remains of aquatic reptiles, and now 

 famous for having furnished the first toothed birds and Ameri- 

 can toothless flying reptiles. 



The second, third, and fourth Yale Scientific Expeditions 

 (1871, 1872, 1873) were modeled after the first. New regions 

 in the West were visited, and extensive series of remains of 

 extinct animals were obtained. Coincident with these discov- 

 eries, Marsh published frequent scientific papers describing and 

 illustrating the more important forms, and paleontological 

 literature was enriched bj the addition of more startling and 

 wonderful types of animal life than had been hitherto known 

 from the rest of the world. 



Owing to Indian outbreaks and a general uneasiness in the 

 West, no regular expedition was organized in 1875. Late in 

 the fall, however, Marsh went to the Bad Lands of Nebraska 

 and Dakota accompanied by an escort from Fort Laramie to 

 the Red Cloud Agency. The consent of the Indians was 

 deemed necessary to search for fossil bones in their country. 

 A treaty was obtained with difficulty and then assistance was 

 withheld. Nevertheless, with great hardship owing to extreme 

 cold, the party succeeded in reaching the desired region, and 

 made important discoveries, among which numerous remains 

 of the gigantic Brontotheridse are the most noteworthy. 



It was at this time that he became aware of the frauds prac- 

 ticed upon the Indians by the agents of the Government, and 

 the way the Government was in turn defrauded through their 

 misrepresentations. He promised Red Cloud to bring the 

 matter before the President for redress. This was done with 

 signal success, resulting in the complete routing of the Indian 

 Ring, and the downfall of the Secretary of the Interior as 

 well as in his political death. 



The rapid settlement and development of the West rendered 

 it no longer necessary to fit out expensive expeditions, espe- 

 cially as many of the localities were easily accessible by rail- 

 road. Therefore, after 1876, local collectors and small parties 

 were employed in continuing the work of collecting fossils so 

 successfully begun by the Yale Scientific Expeditions. Nearly 

 every season, however, Marsh visited the localities where work 



