528 



CENOZOIC TIME — MAMMALIAN AGE. 



Fig. 827. 



of Mammal. Thus, in the species mentioned there is the com- 

 plete number of teeth, 44, as in Man, as shown in the formula for 



3-3 1-1 4-4 3-3 

 the dentition : i-^> c — -, p -—, m — - = 44 (t signifying incisor, 

 o—o 1—1 4 — 4 o— o 



c canine, p premolar, and m molar teeth) ; in the AnopCothere and 



some other Eocene species [Dichodon, etc.) the series of teeth is 



continuous without a break, — a character which is manifested only 



by Mankind among existing Mammals. Moreover, the crowns of 



the teeth in Dichodon are all of nearly equal height, as they are in 



Man. (Owen.) 



The Miocene species include a larger proportion of Carnivores 

 than the Eocene. There were Mastodons, Elephants, and the still 

 stranger Elephantine animal, the Dinothere, besides new Tapir-like 

 beasts, Carnivores, Monkeys, Deer, and the first Edentates, but none 

 of the Bovine or Ox kind. 



Fig. 827 represents the skull of the Dinothere [Dinotherium gigan- 

 teurn), much reduced. The head carried a trunk like an Elephant, 

 and two tusks, but the tusks were 

 turned downward. The length of 

 the skull is 3 feet 8 inches. The jaws 

 have on each side five molar teeth, 

 the first two answering to the poste- 

 rior premolars. There is a mixture 

 of the characteristics of the Ele- 

 phant, Hippopotamus, Tapir, and 

 the marine Manatus (Dugong), in 

 its skull ; and, as the bones of the 

 limbs are unknown, authors are not 

 agreed as to its relation, some ar- 

 ranging it near the Elephant, and 

 others making it a swimming Mam- 

 mal like a Dugong, 15 or 20 feet 

 long. One fine skull was dug up at 

 Epplesheim in Germany, and the remains have been found in 

 France, Switzerland, and a few other regions. 



As the Sloth tribe is now confined to other continents, it is an 

 interesting fact that, in the course of the Miocene, Europe had its 

 species, the Macrothere, which was related to the African Pangolin 

 (the Ant-eater) but was six or eight times its size. 



All the Fishes, Eeptiles, Birds, and Mammals of the Tertiary are 

 extinct species. 



The best known localities of fossil fishes are Monte Bolca, near Verona, in 

 northern Italy, of the age of the Nurnmulitic beds or Middle Eocene; canton 



Dinotherium giganteum (X Jo)- 



