540 CENOZOIC TIME — MAMMALIAN AGE. 



Mount Monadnock in New Hampshire, 3250 feet high, is scarified 

 from top to bottom on its northern and western sides, but not on 

 the southern. 



Relation of groovings to the courses of valleys. — Again, (10) there is in 

 general no conformity between the direction of the slopes of the 

 minor valleys or declivities and the courses of the groovings. This 

 is obvious from the fact of a prevalent direction. 



There are, however, exceptions. At Jonesville, Vt., the three courses S. 38° 

 E., S. 45° E., and S. 65° E. intersect one another, and, according to C. H. Hitch- 

 cock, they vary in direction with the windings of the valley, though strongest 

 on the northwest side of the valley. Several other cases are mentioned in the 

 Geological Report on Vermont where the scratches correspond to the course of 

 a valley. 



But, (11) taking into view the fact that the great valleys of New 

 England and eastern New York run north and south, — that is, the 

 Connecticut River and the Hudson River valleys, — it appears that 

 there is a conformity in these cases between the direction of the 

 valleys and the courses of the groovings. Along the borders of the 

 Connecticut the courses S. 8° E. to S. 10° W. are very common, as 

 well as over the country east and west. 



Groovings on high summits. — (12) Groovings over the highest parts 

 of the summits in the Green Mountains on which they occur, were 

 more easterly in direction, according to Hitchcock, than those over 

 the general surface below. 



The following are a few examples : — On Mansfield Mountain, 4848 feet high, 

 the course is S. 20° E. ; on Jay's Peak, 4018 feet, S. 40° E. j on Camel's Hump, 

 4188 feet, S. 40° E.; Mount Holly, 1415 feet, S. 60° E.->- several peaks in the 

 Hoosac range in Massachusetts, S. 45° E. to S. 70° E. Hitchcock also gives 

 S. 40° W. as another course observed on Mansfield Mountain. 



Again, (13) groovings are seldom found on the south side of the 

 higher summits. 



Grooving of boulders. — Again, (14) the boulders and stones are 

 sometimes scored, as well as the rocks beneath them. 



Drift in Foreign Countries. 

 The Drift presents the same characteristics on the other conti- 

 nents as in North America. It is confined to the northern half of 

 Europe ; that is, Britain, Denmark, Russia, northern Germany, and 

 Poland, down to the parallel of 50°, — a line which has nearly the 

 same mean temperature now as the southern limit, 39°, in the 

 United States. In South America it is met with from Tierra del 

 Fuego, as far towards the equator as 41° S. 



