HEAT — VOLCANOES. 687 



and the islands north; Vesuvius, and other parts of Italy ; Spain, central 

 France, Germany, etc., in Europe; the Grecian Archipelago, which contains 

 five volcanic islands, — Santorin, Milo, Cimolos, Polenos, and Misyros; in Asia 

 Minor, where are the Catacecaumene and other volcanic regions ; and more to 

 the eastward, towards the Caspian, Mt. Ararat, 16,950 feet high; Little Ararat, 

 12,800 feet ; Demavend, on the south shore of the Caspian, 20,000 feet, (c.) The 

 Red Sea, along its southern borders, where there are a number of lofty volcanic 

 summits, (d.) The East Indies, where there are 200 or more volcanoes, of 

 which there are nearly 50 in Java alone, according to Dr. Junghuhn, and 28 out 

 of the 50 now active, nearly as many in Sumatra, 109 in the small islands near 

 Borneo, a number in the Philippines, etc. 



4. In the Indian Ocean. — A few in Madagascar : also the Isle of Bourbon, 

 Mauritius, and the Comoro Islands, and, to the south, Kerguelen Land, etc. 



5. On the Atlantic borders. — Only in the Bight of Benin on the African coast, 

 where one in the Cameroons Mountains is said to be 14,000 feet high, and the 

 neighboring islands from Fernando Po to Annabon. 



6. In the Atlantic Ocean. — St. Helena, the Cape Verdes, Canaries, Madeira, 

 Azores, and Iceland. All the islands of the deep part of the ocean (that is, not 

 on the European or American borders) are volcanic. 



7. Over the interior of the continents. — In America, north and south, there are 

 none east of the Rocky Mountains and Andes. In Africa, none are known. In 

 Asia, there is a small volcanic region in the Thian-chan Mountains, at Pe-schan 

 and Turfan, besides hot springs near Alak-tu-kul, and some 6ther spots in that 

 vicinity. In Australia, none are known over the interior, the few observed being 

 situated near its southern border. 



2. Kinds of volcanic cones. 



As the volcanic mountain is made from its own ejections, it may- 

 consist either (1) of lava alone ; (2) of tufa alone; (3) of cinders alone; 

 (4) of combinations of lavas with either cinders or tufas, or both. The last 

 is the more common kind. 



1. Lava-cones. — Lavas, when quite liquid, flow off naturally at a 

 small angle. The average slope of lava-cones is, therefore, very- 

 gentle, — usually between 3 and 10 degrees. 



Fig. 967. L 



A, B, B, C, profile of Hawaii, as seen from the eastward; L, Mt. Loa; K, Mt. Kea. 



The great volcanoes of Hawaii (Sandwich or Hawaian Islands), 

 Mt. Loa and Mt. Kea, shown in the map (fig. 908), and sections of 



