696 



DYNAMICAL GEOLOGY. 



break was a fire in the woods. The lava broke out through a rent in the sides 

 of the mountain, about six miles from Kilauea, and appeared for a short dis- 

 tance at the surface (A, B, C, fig. 968) ; then for seven miles there were a few 

 little patches of lava, and some steaming fissures. Finally, 27 miles from 

 Kilauea, 12 from the sea, and 1250 feet above tide-level, an outflow be^an from 

 fissures and continued on to the sea at Nanawale; and three tufa-cones (fig. 

 973) were thrown up over these fissures on the sea-shore. It was a tapping of 

 the mountain and letting out of the lavas,- and cotemporaneously they fell 400 

 feet within the crater, — to p p', fig. 970, which plain then became the bottom 

 of the lower pit. 



The same quiet has attended the eruptions of the summit-crater of Mount 

 Loa. The courses of some eruptions are shown on the following map. 



In January, 1843, an outflow began through fissures 13,000 feet above the 



Fig. 974. 



Island of Hawaii.— L, Mt. Loa; K, Mt. Kea; H, Mt. Hualalai; P, Kilauea or Lua-Pele; 

 1, Eruption of 1843; 2, of 1852; 3, of 1855; 4, of 1859; a, Waimea; 6, Kawaihae; c, Waina- 

 nalii; d, Kailua; e, Kealakekua ; /, Kaulanamauna ; g, Kailiki; /;, Waiohinu; i, Honuapo; 

 j, Kapoiio; k, Nanawale ; I, Waipio. The courses of the currents 1, 2, 3 are from a manu- 

 script map by T. Coan, and 4, from one by A. F. Judd. 



sea (No. 1, fig. 974), and continued on northward and westward for 25 or 30 

 miles. It broke out in silence, though one of the grandest eruptions on record, 

 and progressed without an earthquake. 



In February, 1852, a bright light at the summit announced another eruption 



