758 APPENDIX. 



— 7. Existing forces and the ancient identical. — Subdivisions of Geology. — 9. 

 Importance of Physiographic Geology. — 10. Form of the earth. — Relative extent 

 of land and water. — The land in one hemisphere. — 11. General arrangement of 

 the oceans and continents. — Contrast in extent of the Atlantic and Pacific 

 oceans and Occidental and Oriental continents. — 12. Oceanic depression ; its 

 true outline; depth. — 13. Distribution of the continental areas. — 14. Oceanic 

 islands in ranges. — 15. Mean elevation of the land. — Subdivisions of the sur- 

 face of continents, with examples. — 16. Average slope of Rocky Mountains. — 

 19. Composite nature of Mountain-chains, and variations in the positions of the 

 ridges along their courses. — 22. General character of River-systems. — River- 

 systems of North America. — 23. Positions of Lakes. 



II. Physiographic Geology, Continued. — Page 23. First law with regard 

 to the reliefs of continents; Second law id. — 24. How exemplified in North 

 America. — 25. Id. in South America. — Id. in Europe and Asia. — 27. Id. in 

 Africa. — 29. Id. in Australia. — What is a Continent? — 30. First and second 

 principles with regard to the systems of courses of the earth's features ; third 

 principle ; fourth and fifth. — Examples in the Pacific of the two systems of trends. 

 33. Characteristics and extent of the Polynesian Chain. — 34. Id. of the Austral- 

 asian Chains. — 35. Id. of the New Zealand Chain. — 36. Trends of the Pacific and 

 Atlantic oceans. — Curves on the coast of Asia. — 37. Examples of the systems of 

 trends in North America. — 38. Id. in Asia and Europe. — 39. System of oceanic 

 movements. — 40. The main facts in the system. — Cause of movement. — 41. 

 Examples in the Atlantic and Pacific. — 42. Effect of Oceanic currents on the 

 isothermal lines of the tropics (Physiographic Chart). — 44. Uses of the subject 

 of oceanic temperature to the Geologist. — General system of Atmospheric 

 currents. — 45. Effects of land and water on climate. — Effect of varying the 

 distribution of land over the globe. — 46. Laws governing the distribution of 

 forest-regions, prairies, and deserts. — Examples in America. — 47. Cause of in- 

 dividual characteristics of continents. 



III. Lithological Geology. — Page 49. Subjects treated of under Litho- 

 logical Geology. — A rock. — Organic constituents. — Mineral constituents. — 50, 51. 

 Diverse qualities of the elements of organic and inorganic nature. — Charac- 

 teristic elements. — 51-54. Special importance of Silicon; Aluminium; Magne- 

 sium; Calcium; Potassium and Sodium; Iron; Carbon. — 55. Characters of 

 Quartz ; Feldspar. — 56. Id. of Mica. — 59, 60. Id. of Hornblende, Pyroxene, 

 Chrysolite.— 61. Id. of Talc; Serpentine; Chlorite.— 62, 63. Id. of Calcite, Dolo- 

 mite, Gypsum. — 66. Some of the materials of organic origin. — 69. Changes in 

 fossils. — 70. Definitions of fragmental, sedimentary, stratified, crystalline, ig- 

 neous, metamorphic, as applied to rocks. — 73. Conglomerate; Sandstone; Shale; 

 Tufa; Alluvium. — 75-77. Granite; Gneiss; Mica schist; Argillite. — 78. Syenite; 

 Hornblendic gneiss and schist. — 81. Talcose schist; Chloritic schist; Serpen- 

 tine; Ophiolite. — 83. Quartzite. — 84, 85. Limestone, massive; oolitic; chalk; 

 granular. — 85. Gypsum. — 86. Igneous rocks; feldspathic and augitic. 



IV. Lithological Geology, Continued. — Pages 90, 91. Stratified rocks. — ■ 

 91. A layer; stratum; formation. — Origin of strata. — 93. Massive structure; 

 shaly; laminated; compound ebb-and-flow and sand-drift structures. — 95, 96. 

 Concretionary structure. — 99, 100. Joints; cleavage or slaty structure. — 102. 

 Natural positions of strata as formed. — 103. Consequent principle in Geology. 



