120 On the Physiology of the Arabic Language. [No. 2. 



besides making the roots bi-syllabic other devices were necessary to 

 enrich the language with forms, tenses, they are : — 



1. To add a vowel at the end of words as qilada iz&* 



2. After this vowel a euphonic t followed by a vowel is inserted 

 if the word is joined with the following word, as qiladatu-lma'shuqa 



3. This t becomes permanent, if the preceding vowel (which is 

 always an a) is long, as qiladat cL>!^3(i» 



4. A consonant is inserted into the word, or the second consonant 

 of the word is doubled as iq^ilad a&£l and qallad si* In some 

 instances the second consonant is repeated with a vowel as dawawyn 

 t>J>fj«i which is the plural of the Persian word u>'.*><>, camamis 

 jjfijcUi which is the plural of the Latin word comes (ja^s a Count. 



5. A euphonic vowel is placed before the word, as istable cUk^t 

 from the Latin word stabulum. In certain instances either m or t or 

 both, are prefixed to the word as taqlyd *jJ£3, moqallad «>&* and 

 motaqallad «*li&o 



After this short digression which exemplifies what we have to say, let 

 us return to trace the means by which monosyllabic elements of roots 

 are enlarged into bi-syllabic roots. 



1. Elements of roots which had three consonants needed not to be 

 enlarged to be shaped into roots. The three consonants are considered 

 as the root without reference to the original vowel, and by animating 

 these consonants by various vowels the derivatives are formed : for 

 instance, from the root trah (Latin trahere, Arabic ^^Js, German tragen, 

 English tray,) they form derivatives like tarih, taryh, tarh, &c. ; from 

 traf (German treffen, i. e. to hit, which has traf in the Imperfect 

 tense, English drive, Arab Oj-b, which means both to drive and to hit,) 

 they make tarf, tirf, taraf, atraf, tarayf, &c. In the same way they form 

 a number of derivatives from trab, (German, traben, Arabic ^»Jo,) tryk, 

 (English track, Arabic (Jh^)» trad, (Latin trudere, Arabic *Jo) 

 blaj, (German platzen, Arabic Jj) &c. 



It was probably a law of euphony which led the Arabs to be so 

 arbitrary in altering the vowels of elements of roots. They never begin 

 a syllable with two consonants, but they place a vowel between them to 

 render the pronunciation easier, and if a word or syllable begins with 



