124 On the Physiology of the Arabic Language. [No. 2. 



from the element fra or far (English fro', Gothic fra, German ver-werfen) 



the following roots have been formed <sj*>j*> t5S, (compare frac-tum), 



&j9j ^jcj9 and ij»j*. Still more fertile in roots is the element cut 



(Hindee Ix&'kaJna, which means equally to cut), viz. kf qatt, ^bs qata' 



cJkii qa^al, o^* *l a 99» (Latin scissum), v-^a5 qa9ab, i^moJ qadhab, and 



d-ej' qfl9al. Again U' fall, £» fala', ^i falagh, J* falaA, ^ falakh, J* 



falaj, (jj-J^ falaq and %& thala', mean all to split. With reference to, 



£&' I have to observe that it stands instead of ^\s. Ibn Hisham informs 



us that some tribes pronounced the £» th invariably like o and they said 



-' -& .. " 



*i instead of f •> and i-aa* 3 instead of »s***\ 



*IaJ| ^ycXU9 feftjosrl uJjAJ^ uftiar^l^ »^ia:^| u^aJl J^a3 f&A ^J| Jtif 



••* . t « • 



I adduce one or two more examples t£li fakk, (3* faqq, ^ 5 faqaa, 



and Jb faqaA, u^ fadhdh, ^*b fadhah, ^ai fadham, J-** facal, 

 u *a* ia9a, s * face* mean all to disjoin, in like manner, £d da'*, •-*** 

 da'ab, *?>fo daab, o>*a da'at, J^j da'az,^^ date, mean all to push. 



It would appear that originally only weak consonants were added 

 to the elements of roots or inserted into them with a view of en- 

 larging them, and that they were gradually hardened or permuted with 

 stronger ones. Thus w was gradually hardened into f or b and per- 

 muted with m. Y ^5 is hardened into j ^ or 3 h or £ h 3 £ kh ; and these 

 are farther hardened into <3 <!> <^ k and permuted with {Jo dh, ^jo 9, 

 <j£ sh, u* s, j z, -k ty & tz, &» th, <J f, o t, * d, 3 dz, and ^ n. 



Hamzah is hardened into ^ 'ayn, and 'ayn farther into £ ghayn, c q, 

 «Jk, and permuted withj r, J 1. Finally these three weak letters are 

 frequently permuted with each other. 



I adduce some examples of the permutation of consonants u^= 

 U°j 9 =u*j*=)j 3 and perhaps=(^* 



