1851.] Essay on the Ancient Geography of India. 475 



both in the morning, and in the evening, ceased to be illuminated : a 

 few days after, the next lines were affected in the same manner : and 

 so on gradually, till a few days before, and also after the solstice, when 

 the southern face of the dial no longer enjoyed the rays of the sun : 

 but at noon there was no shadow, as remarked by Nearchus. 



The same phenomenon takes place, with a wall placed due east and 

 west ; and this unforeseen circumstance subjected me, and my unfor- 

 tunate dial, to the innocent railleries of my friends. That, this phe- 

 nomenon takes place at Cape Miidan, and at the mouths of the Indus, 

 though without tropics, I have proved ; and that it was observed by 

 Nearchus, there can be no doubt. Truth compels me, as well as the 

 learned Dr. Vincent, to confess, that the language is too express, to 

 admit of a general interpretation ; for it is Nearchus speaking of what 

 he had seen. The observation then took place, either eight or ten 

 days before, or as many after the 2 1st of June, when the phenomenon 

 is sufficiently obvious : for before and after, it is not so : being just 

 perceivable in the morning and evening. This, being once admitted, 

 proves that Alexander was at the mouth of the Indus, in the latter 

 part of the month of June. 



Muddn is a derivative form from the Sanskrit Mudha, a head, a 

 headland ; S'iran, from S'ira is used in the same sense : but the Hindus 

 suppose, that it is so called from the Munda or Mudha the head of 

 Ganes'a, which fell there. 



The Hindus consider Hinglaj, and Cape Miidan, as the boundary 

 of India, and of course I shall not go beyond it. 



Deities of the first rank have generally small districts, or portions 

 of land dedicated to them, and in which they are supposed to reside, 

 at least occasionally. These are styled vana, grove or forest ; though 

 there should be no trees in it, at least obvious to the sight. These are 

 also called Vatica, gardens or garden houses ; and in the spoken 

 dialects, Bag. The same deity has many not only in India, but all 

 over the world ; and they place in every one of them, another embodied 

 form, or rather another self, if I may be allowed the expression. 



The arrangement of the different parts in these Vaticas, is in general 

 the same, so that, not only the same legend, but also the same descrip- 

 tion, will serve for every one of them. There are however some 

 exceptions, arising from local circumstances, which are generally over- 



