1858.] Buddhism and Odinism. 59 



passage from the excavation at Gamle Upsala to the haug in its 

 neighbourhood : traces of such passages have been found under 

 mounds and barrows in the north of England ; aud Indian antiqua- 

 rians have suspected their existence under the topes of Ceylon and 

 Central India. Mr. Masson notices them in the neighbourhood of 

 Afghan topes. 



Pilasters are not necessary adjuncts to topes : they occur on the 

 cylindrical shafts of the topes of the second class, such as those of 

 Afghanistau,and may be compared with a peculiar construction on the 

 Kongshaug at Augvaldsnaes in the island of Karmoe. M. Holmboe 

 describes it thus : " The sides of the haug are ornamented with a 

 series of small cells or chambers open in the front, of which the 

 intermediate spaces, at some distance, present the appearance of 

 pilasters."* 



Collonaded verandas round the central hemisphere are unknown 

 in Norway. In India, they are noticable only in the most finished 

 topes, such as those of Anuradlmpur of Ceylon, and of Bhilsa and 

 Afghanistan. Ranges of pillars of brick or stone, and wooden pali- 

 sades are not uncommon around topes. They enclosed spaces which 

 used, most probably, to be occupied by the congregation on days of 

 public worship. In some topes two and even three ranges of pali- 

 sades have been found. f They do not seem to have been very 

 frequent around haugs, but around the boutrcehaug :J (mound of the 

 bou tree) there may be seen a range of stone shafts set up vertically 

 which bear the closest analogy to the palisades in question. 

 Around the great temple of Gamle Upsala, a wooden palisade is 

 supposed to have existed, and we read in Scaldic poetry of a golden 

 ring, or chain, or serpent, surrounding the temple of Odin which, it 

 would be no great stretch of imagination, to reckon as the counter- 



* Holmboe, p. 18. 



f A fence similar to this has been noticed by Dr. "Wise around a Hindu 

 temple at Calna, belonging to the Raja of Burdwan. In a neighbouring temple 

 I was struck by the appearance of a stone figure which was represented to me as 

 that of Vishnu, but which bore the closest similitude to the Buddhist figures 

 excavated by the late Major M. Kittoe from the ruins of Buddha Gaya. 



X Urda 11, p. 325. I have no means of ascertaining the Norwegian meaning 

 of the word bou y but its use in connexion with a haug suggests the idea of its 

 similitude with the Buddhist "bo" being more than accidental. 



i 2 



