1858.] Bdhing Vocabulary. 435 



Gerunds. 



1st in na, Jasogno bwanggnana, &c. 11 forms. 

 2nd in na, Jasogno bwaktina, &c ditto. 

 3rd in ko, Jasogno bwanggnako, &c. ditto. 

 4th in ko, Jasogno bwaktiko, &c. ditto. 



Remark. — The above is given in full as an exemplar of intransitives in "ko." 

 The transitives of the same conjugation (III.), have the like euphonic changes, and 

 for the rest their conjugation may be determined by analogy with the help of the 

 premises already supplied. The indicative present singular alone vanes and that 

 is set down in the classification of verbs. The radical " k" becomes " g" in the 

 active voice, and " ng" in the passive and causa,!, e. g. pdk-ko, pog-u, pdng-yi, 

 pdng-pato. 



Iterative Mood. 



Raise repeatedly, pokko, mokho, bwakko. 



It is formed by adding to the imperative of the main verb, whether transitive or 

 intransitive, the word mokho (sense unknown) and to it subjoining the verb 

 bwakcho, to remain, as in the last mood to whiclt this is very nearly allied in sense. 

 There however we have compound conjugation according to the sense of the pri- 

 mary and secondary verbs which are both conjugated with mokho, immutable, 

 between them. e. g. 



Tpo mokho bwakko, sleep repeatedly. Pdkko mokho bwakko, raise repeatedly. 



fmgna mdkho bwanggna, I sleep re- f Pdgu mokho bwanggna, I raise repeat- 

 peatedly. \ edly. 



I'pti mokho bwakti, I slept repeat- < Pdktong mokho bwakti, I raised re- 

 edly. ( peatedly. 



And so on through the whole of the intransitive conjugation in "po" (VI.) and 

 of the transitive in " ko" (III.) The definite sense of the present and preterite. 

 I am sleeping, I was sleeping, I am raising, I was raising, is likewise thus expressed. 



Conjugation with auxiliar substantive verb and participle. 



Of the 4 substantive verbs, ka, khe, gnd, and bwa, the three first express essence 

 and entity ; the last, presence, being in a certain place, corresponding respectively 

 to the Khas ho and cha, and to the Newari kha and du, or chdna. Of the Bailing 

 4 the last or bwa is alone used as an auxiliar and it is compounded with the (appa- 

 rent) participle or gerund aforegone, or jasogno to procure, definite present (or 

 future) and past tenses of any and every verb in the manner there seen, e. g. 

 pisogno bwanggna, I am coming : pisogno bwakti, I was coming : teupsogno 

 bwanggna, I am beating : teupsogno bwakti, I was beating. 



Remark. — Jasogno, which gives the continuative and the definite form of the 

 tenses above, seems to spring from the impersonal past gerund in " so," juso vel 

 jasomami. But that is not clear, though it be so that, whatever else jasogno is, i?. 

 is a form of every verb useable with the auxiliar in conjugation. 



Jasogno bwanggna = I am eating. 



Jasogno bwakti = I was eating. 



Pisogno bwanggna = I am coming. 



Pisogno bwakti = I was coming. 



Bresogno bwanggna = I am summoning. 



Biesogno bwakti — I was summoning, 



2 i 2 



