1858.] Bailing Vocabulary. 437 



Personated Gerunds. 



1st Jwanggnadign a na,| nt> 



2nd, Jwaktiditina, } r 



g3rd, Jwanggnadignako, ) fc 

 4th, Jwaktaditako, ) ^ 



Causal Verbs* 



All verbs whatever can be made causal by adding to their root the transitive verb 

 pato, from paf to do or make. But pa makes its regular transitive in " wo," 

 pawo. Pawo is do; pato, do for him, on his behalf; and this leads me to observe 

 that every transitive verb, save those in " to," has the following six forms. 



1. Teupo, strike him, active transitive in " po." 



2. Teum-so, strike thyself, reflex transitive, or middle in " so." 



3. Teum-yi, strike me, paasive in " i." 



4. Teup-to, strike it for him, active transitive in "to." 



5. Teum-so, strike it for thyself, middle in "so." 



6. Teupti, strike it for me, " passive in " ti." 



So also pa, to do, has pa-wo. paso, payi ; pato, paso and pati : and kwo, to see, 

 has kwdgno, kwdso, kwoyi ; kwoto, kwoso and kwoti : and pok, to raise has 

 pokko, pokso. ponsyi ; pokto, pokso, pokti; and in like manner every other tran- 

 sitive, except tho*e in " to" as the primary form. It is the secondary form of 

 the transitive of the verb to make, or pato, which is used for constructing causals, 

 but yet it takes the passives in " i," not "ti," when thus employed, though, when 

 used separately, it assumes its regular form in " ti" — -an anomaly, like that of the 

 use of the reflex or middle voice in one form and two senses (2.5). 



But besides the regular causal formed by pato added to the root of the main 

 verb (e. g. kwopato, cause to see), there are other means of constructing causals 

 which shall be first mentioned before proceeding to exhibit the conjugation of the 

 former. 



These means are, 1st the hardening of the initial consonant of an intransitive, as — 



Dokko, fall. Tokko, cause to fall. 



Dyummo, become. Thyummo, cause to become. 



Gukko, be crooked. Kukko, crooken or make crooked. 



* Besides its ordinary use, the causal form of the verb is ^frequently used, espe- 

 cially in its middle voice, as a passive. Thus, japaso is, be thou eaten, or suffer 

 thyself to be eaten, implying voluntariness on the part of the patient; and so hempaso 

 is let thyself be kissed. All three voices, however, can be used thus and frequently 

 are so, whenever the complex pronomenalization of the primary verb causes 

 embarrassment. The passive use of the causal is very common in Himalaya, and 

 is often, as in Newari, the only substitute for a passive. This is not wonderful in 

 so crude a tongue as Newari : it is so, however, in the Kiranti language which 

 possesses the great secret of the most refined conjugation in its neat personal 

 suffixes and its power of euphonic compounding. Owing however to too much 

 attention to the agents, and too little to the action, the Kiranti verb with all its 

 constructive richness on one side, shows equal poverty on another, and hence the 

 passive use of the causal form. 



t The root pa, pi in Vayu, an allied Himalayan tongue, is the same as the Dravi- 

 dian causative. 



