1858.] Bailing Vocabulary. 439 



Many verbs, identical in form, in the imperative yet differ in sense as Khiwo, n. 

 tremble and khiwo, a. quarrel, uto, n. fall ; uto, a. fell. Many, again, materially 

 change their sense in passing into the Causal or transitive form from the intransi- 

 tive or neuter; and, lastly, the causal ton; >f neuters and of transitives, though 

 very generally of the normal construction in pa'o added to the root (ipo, sleep ; 

 impato, cause to sleep), yet in the c;ise of ..any verbs of both sorts in " po" and 

 in "gno," is not so, the alteration being effected by changing their sisrn into the 

 transitive '.' to" vel "do" sign, as ipo, sleep ; ipto, cause to sleep (a synonyme of 

 impato); tugno, drink, tundo. (= tupato) cause to drink. When the sense is 

 much altered in such transition, the derivative causal of a neuter is constantly 

 regarded as an independant word and primitive verb, and the neuter takes the 

 normal causal form, thus lawo, n. = go, has lato for its causal: but, lato being 

 used to signify take away, lapato is made to express the precise sense of cause 

 to go. 



All this shows, whpn taken in connexion with the general transformability of all 

 transitives not primitively in "to" into that form, the pre-eminent transitive and 

 preterite character of that widely diffused si^n. 



It also shows how apt causal is to be equivalent to transitive — another widely 

 prevailing Turanian trait, and one harmonising with the almost identity of neuter 

 and intransitive. And here we may remark another special characteristic common 

 to the Himalayan and Dravidian tongues, viz. double causation. Thus in Baling 

 (and it is the same in many others of our tongues) ipo, sleep, impato, cause to 

 sleep ; impapato, cause to cause to sleep. Gikko, be born ; Kikko or Gingptito, 

 cause to be born ; Kingpato or Gingpapato, cause to cause to be born ; to which we 

 may add, Kingpapato expressing causation in the third degree from the primitive 

 gikko : and the like holds good with regard to every neuter undergoing a similar 

 change with Gikko. 



I proceed now to exhibit an exemplar of the normal causative form of verbs, 

 taking the instance of the verb to eat. Root, Ja. Causal transitive, Japato. 

 Causal reflex, Japaso. Causal passive, Japayi. The prefixed root does not affect 

 the grammatical form of the auxiliars save as above stated. Pato therefore in this 

 combination will afford a sample of all transitives in " to" which change the " t" 

 into "d." Of the unchanging transitives in "to" I have given a model in Breto. 

 I shall here give Pato in full in its combination with Ja, as a sample of the chang- 

 ing conjugation in " t" (see conjugation X.) merely premising that paso, as an 

 intransitive in " so" (see conjugation XIII.) and payi as a passive in " i" (yi to 

 keep the vowels apart merely)* have already been given in full, as also the passive 

 in "ti," (vide Breto). 



Paradigm of a causal verb. 



Active Voice. 



Imperative Mood. 



Singular of Agent. Dual of Agent. Plural of Agent. 



1. Japato. 1. Japase. 1. Japane. 



Dual of Object. Dual of Object. Dual of Object. 



2. Japatosi. 2. Japasesi. 2. Japanesi. 



Plural oj Object. Plural of Object. Plural of Object. 



3. Japatomi. 3. Japasemi. 3. Japanemi. 



* M also requires the y, for example, teum-yi, strikes me he or thou, -I am 

 struck, see remarks aforegone. It is because the agent may be he or thou (any 

 one) in the passive, that the passive runs so near parallel with the 2nd special form 

 of the verb. 



