﻿186 
  True 
  — 
  Toxic 
  Action 
  of 
  Acids 
  and 
  

  

  Since 
  in 
  experiments 
  of 
  this 
  nature 
  the 
  fixing 
  of 
  limits 
  can 
  

   be 
  only 
  approximate, 
  I 
  do 
  not 
  wish 
  to 
  claim 
  for 
  the 
  numerical 
  

   results 
  here 
  given 
  a 
  strict 
  mathematical 
  accuracy. 
  These 
  values 
  

   may 
  be 
  taken 
  as 
  an 
  approach 
  only 
  to 
  the 
  exact 
  relations 
  existing. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  following 
  table, 
  the 
  data 
  are 
  arranged 
  in 
  six 
  columns. 
  

   Column 
  1 
  gives 
  the 
  names 
  of 
  the 
  compounds 
  discussed. 
  Col- 
  

   umn 
  2 
  gives 
  the 
  death-limit 
  of 
  each 
  substance 
  for 
  the 
  lupines. 
  

   Column 
  3 
  gives 
  the 
  partial-toxieity 
  due 
  to 
  cations. 
  Column 
  

   4 
  gives 
  the 
  partial-toxieity 
  due 
  to 
  anions. 
  Column 
  5 
  gives 
  the 
  

   partial-toxieity 
  due 
  to 
  undissociated 
  molecules 
  of 
  the 
  acids. 
  

   Column 
  6 
  gives 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  ionization 
  found 
  or 
  estimated 
  to 
  

   exist 
  in 
  the 
  solutions 
  at 
  the 
  concentrations 
  indicated 
  by 
  their 
  

  

  + 
  

   death-limits. 
  Since 
  the 
  toxic-value 
  of 
  Na 
  ions 
  has 
  been 
  found 
  

  

  to 
  lie 
  at 
  less 
  than 
  16, 
  when 
  dissociation 
  is 
  complete, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  

   indicated 
  here 
  in 
  the 
  column 
  giving 
  the 
  toxic 
  value 
  of 
  the 
  

   cations. 
  It 
  lies 
  always 
  less 
  than 
  16. 
  The 
  values 
  of 
  the 
  

   undissociated 
  molecules 
  of 
  the 
  salts 
  are 
  not 
  indicated, 
  since 
  the 
  

   necessary 
  data 
  for 
  their 
  determination 
  are 
  not 
  at 
  hand. 
  As 
  is 
  

   shown 
  below, 
  however, 
  these 
  values 
  are 
  usually 
  very 
  small. 
  

   This 
  may 
  be 
  in 
  part 
  due 
  to 
  their 
  non-toxic 
  nature, 
  and 
  in 
  part 
  

   to 
  the 
  small 
  proportion 
  of 
  un-ionized 
  molecules 
  left 
  in 
  the 
  solu- 
  

   tions 
  at 
  the 
  toxic-limits. 
  It 
  will 
  be 
  seen 
  from 
  the 
  table 
  that 
  

   these 
  sodium 
  salts 
  ionize 
  very 
  freely. 
  

  

  In 
  ascertaining 
  the 
  data 
  for 
  column 
  6, 
  I 
  have 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  

   Ostwald's 
  determinations 
  for 
  the 
  acids. 
  Since 
  Ostwald's 
  inves- 
  

   tigations 
  (7) 
  extended 
  only 
  to 
  the 
  dilution 
  ?i-1024, 
  a 
  point 
  lying, 
  

   in 
  all 
  cases, 
  short 
  of 
  the 
  limits 
  found 
  for 
  the 
  plants, 
  I 
  have 
  

   resorted 
  to 
  estimates 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  data 
  given.* 
  The 
  degree 
  of 
  

   ionization 
  of 
  the 
  salts 
  was 
  calculated 
  from 
  Kohlrausch 
  and 
  

   Holborn's 
  excellent 
  series 
  of 
  tables 
  (4). 
  

  

  *To 
  illustrate 
  the 
  method 
  of 
  calculation 
  used, 
  the 
  following 
  example 
  is 
  given. 
  

   Ostwald, 
  Zeitschr. 
  f. 
  physik. 
  Chem., 
  iii, 
  p. 
  174. 
  

  

  Formic 
  acid. 
  

  

  

  

  jucc 
  = 
  375 
  

  

  

  

  V 
  

  

  — 
  

  

  100 
  m 
  

  

  Differences. 
  

  

  Ratio 
  of 
  increase. 
  

  

  8 
  

  

  15*22 
  

  

  4-05 
  

  

  

  

  16 
  

  

  2T19 
  

  

  6-63 
  

  

  (2-58) 
  

  

  

  32 
  

  

  29 
  31 
  

  

  7-79 
  

  

  (1-06) 
  

  

  

  64 
  

  

  40-50 
  

  

  10-78 
  

  

  (2-99) 
  

  

  (1-33) 
  

  

  128 
  

  

  55-54 
  

  

  14-76 
  

  

  (3-98) 
  

  

  (1-3 
  ) 
  

  

  256 
  

  

  75-66 
  

  

  20-12 
  

  

  (5-36) 
  

  

  (1-3 
  ) 
  

  

  512 
  

  

  102-10 
  

  

  27-10 
  

  

  (6-98) 
  

  

  (1-3 
  ) 
  

  

  1024 
  

  

  ] 
  04-70 
  

  

  35-80 
  

  

  (8-70) 
  

  

  (1-25) 
  

  

  2048 
  

  

  

  (46-67) 
  

  

  (10-87) 
  

  

  (1-25) 
  

  

  4096 
  

  

  

  (60-26) 
  

  

  (13-59) 
  

  

  (1-25) 
  

  

  6144 
  

  

  

  (68-15) 
  

  

  (8-15) 
  

  

  (1-20) 
  

  

  

  

  K 
  = 
  0,0214 
  

  

  

  Interpolated 
  numbers 
  are 
  in 
  

  

  parentheses. 
  

  

  Last 
  three 
  ratios 
  assumed. 
  Ioni: 
  

  

  ion 
  at 
  v 
  = 
  6400 
  

  

  is 
  taken 
  to 
  be 
  

  

  roughly 
  70 
  per 
  

  

  • 
  cent. 
  

  

  

  