﻿310 
  Scientific 
  Intelligence. 
  

  

  nate 
  near 
  the 
  central 
  portions 
  of 
  the 
  focus 
  ; 
  and 
  thus 
  the 
  epochs 
  of 
  

   maximum 
  intensity 
  of 
  the 
  sound 
  and 
  shock 
  should 
  coincide. 
  If, 
  

   however, 
  the 
  horizontal 
  length 
  of 
  the 
  nearer 
  focal 
  margin 
  be 
  con- 
  

   siderable, 
  the 
  sound 
  which 
  seems 
  loudest 
  to 
  observers 
  at 
  a 
  mod- 
  

   erate 
  distance 
  may 
  come 
  from 
  or 
  near 
  that 
  margin 
  ; 
  for 
  there 
  is 
  

   but 
  little 
  change 
  in 
  the 
  initial 
  intensity 
  of 
  sound-vibrations 
  from 
  

   the 
  neighbourhood 
  of 
  the 
  central 
  portion. 
  To 
  observers 
  who 
  are 
  

   situated 
  near 
  the 
  continuation 
  of 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  fault, 
  the 
  maximum 
  

   epoch 
  of 
  the 
  sound 
  will 
  therefore 
  precede 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  shock 
  ; 
  

   while 
  to 
  those 
  who 
  are 
  near 
  the 
  minor 
  axis 
  of 
  the 
  isoseismals, 
  the 
  

   two 
  epochs 
  will 
  approximately 
  coincide." 
  

  

  4. 
  On 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  Gulf 
  Stream 
  water 
  ; 
  by 
  P. 
  T. 
  Cleve. 
  

   (From 
  the 
  Ofver. 
  Vet. 
  Akad. 
  Forhandlingar, 
  1899. 
  No. 
  9. 
  Stock- 
  

   holm.) 
  — 
  Hydrographers 
  understand 
  by 
  "gulf-stream 
  water 
  5 
  ' 
  such 
  

   water 
  in 
  the 
  northern 
  Atlantic 
  as 
  contains 
  about 
  35, 
  or 
  rather 
  

   more, 
  p.m. 
  of 
  salt. 
  Tbe 
  name 
  indicates 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  supposed 
  that 
  

   such 
  water 
  is 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  gulf-stream, 
  or 
  the 
  surface-current, 
  

   which 
  runs 
  from 
  the 
  Gulf 
  of 
  Mexico. 
  The 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  geo- 
  

   graphical 
  distribution 
  of 
  the 
  plankton-organisms 
  has 
  convinced 
  

   me 
  that 
  such 
  a 
  supposition 
  is, 
  at 
  least 
  for 
  the 
  greater 
  bulk 
  of 
  

   gulf-stream, 
  water, 
  erroneous 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  gulf-stream 
  water 
  

   comes 
  into 
  the 
  northern 
  Atlantic 
  along 
  the 
  west 
  coast 
  of 
  Africa 
  

   and 
  between 
  the 
  Azores 
  and 
  Europe. 
  This 
  is 
  in 
  direct 
  opposi- 
  

   tion 
  to 
  all 
  surface-currents, 
  so 
  it 
  must 
  be 
  admitted 
  that 
  the 
  

   gulf-stream 
  water 
  moves 
  as 
  an 
  under-current. 
  I 
  know 
  a 
  number 
  

   of 
  plankton 
  organisms, 
  which 
  all 
  point 
  to 
  the 
  above 
  conclusion. 
  

   Samples 
  irom 
  the 
  Benguela 
  current, 
  for 
  which 
  I 
  am 
  indebted 
  to 
  

   the 
  kind 
  assistance 
  of 
  Doctor 
  Van 
  Doesburgh 
  on 
  the 
  Fregatte 
  

   Atjeh 
  of 
  the 
  Dutch 
  Navy, 
  make 
  it 
  more 
  than 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  

   gulf-stream 
  water 
  reaches 
  the 
  Atlantic 
  round 
  the 
  Cape 
  of 
  Good 
  

   Hope. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  comprised 
  under 
  the 
  name 
  styli-plankton 
  such 
  organ- 
  

   isms 
  as 
  inhabit 
  the 
  gulf-stream 
  water 
  of 
  the 
  hydrographers. 
  

   The 
  number 
  of 
  such 
  forms, 
  known 
  to 
  me 
  at 
  present, 
  is 
  very 
  

   considerable, 
  but 
  I 
  will 
  here 
  treat 
  of 
  the 
  distribution 
  of 
  a 
  smaller 
  

   number 
  only, 
  selecting 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  typical 
  species. 
  Some 
  of 
  

   these 
  styli-plankton 
  organisms 
  are 
  confined 
  exclusively, 
  or 
  nearly 
  

   so, 
  to 
  the 
  eastern 
  Atlantic. 
  Some 
  have 
  a 
  very 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  

   distribution 
  and 
  occur 
  both 
  in 
  the 
  eastern, 
  western 
  and 
  northern 
  

   Atlantic, 
  or 
  round 
  the 
  Sargasso 
  Sea. 
  

  

  It 
  will 
  be 
  found 
  from 
  the 
  following 
  data 
  that 
  such 
  styli-plank- 
  

   ton 
  organisms 
  as 
  have 
  a 
  very 
  wide 
  range 
  of 
  distribution 
  follow 
  

   both 
  the 
  eastern 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  Atlantic, 
  or 
  along 
  the 
  coasts 
  of 
  

   Africa 
  between 
  the 
  Azores 
  and 
  Europe, 
  and 
  the 
  equatorial 
  

   current 
  towards 
  South 
  America 
  into 
  the 
  Caribbean 
  Sea, 
  and 
  

   thence 
  the 
  Antilles 
  and 
  Florida 
  currents 
  towards 
  the 
  Newfound- 
  

   land 
  banks 
  and 
  farther 
  to 
  about 
  45° 
  to 
  50° 
  N., 
  where 
  they 
  seem 
  

   to 
  unite 
  with 
  those 
  coming 
  from 
  the 
  east 
  Atlantic. 
  They 
  

   proceed 
  then 
  to 
  the 
  north, 
  towards 
  Iceland 
  and 
  the 
  Faroe 
  

   Channel, 
  and 
  a 
  small 
  number 
  finally 
  reach 
  Spitzbergen. 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  

  

  

  