﻿33tt 
  Verrill 
  — 
  Notes 
  on 
  the 
  Geology 
  of 
  the 
  Bermudas. 
  

  

  harbor, 
  and 
  damaged 
  many 
  buildings 
  there. 
  At 
  Ireland 
  Island 
  

   it 
  nearly 
  destroyed 
  the 
  extensive 
  breakwater 
  that 
  protected 
  the 
  

   dry 
  dock. 
  It 
  did 
  immense 
  damage 
  in 
  other 
  ways, 
  all 
  over 
  

   the 
  islands. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  cedars 
  and 
  other 
  trees 
  were 
  blown 
  

   down 
  and 
  others 
  were 
  badly 
  broken. 
  

  

  A 
  single 
  storm 
  like 
  this 
  probably 
  effects 
  more 
  in 
  the 
  way 
  of 
  

   eroding 
  the 
  high 
  cliffs 
  than 
  a 
  hundred 
  years 
  of 
  ordinary 
  

   weather 
  would. 
  It 
  would 
  not 
  surprise 
  me 
  to 
  learn 
  that 
  parts 
  

   of 
  the 
  old 
  fortifications 
  on 
  Castle 
  Island 
  had 
  been 
  undermined 
  

   and 
  swept 
  away 
  by 
  that 
  storm, 
  nor 
  that 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  North 
  

   Rocks 
  had 
  been 
  overthrown. 
  The 
  local 
  (Bermuda) 
  papers 
  re- 
  

   ferred 
  to 
  the 
  seas 
  in 
  this 
  storm 
  as 
  washing 
  over 
  the 
  cliffs 
  on 
  

   the 
  south 
  side, 
  where 
  they 
  are 
  over 
  50 
  feet 
  high, 
  and 
  carrying 
  

   with 
  them 
  large 
  blocks 
  of 
  stone 
  and 
  other 
  detritus 
  to 
  points 
  

   far 
  above 
  high-water 
  mark. 
  Such 
  a 
  storm, 
  therefore, 
  by 
  wash- 
  

   ing 
  up 
  over 
  the 
  dry 
  land 
  large 
  quantities 
  of 
  broken 
  shells, 
  

   corals, 
  stones, 
  etc., 
  may 
  easily 
  produce 
  deposits 
  of 
  " 
  beach 
  

   rock" 
  overlying 
  beds 
  of 
  seolian 
  limestone, 
  far 
  above 
  the 
  sea- 
  

   level, 
  and 
  thus 
  produce 
  a 
  deceptive 
  appearance 
  of 
  elevation 
  of 
  

   the 
  land.* 
  

  

  Early 
  Maps 
  and 
  Sketches. 
  

  

  Another 
  way 
  in 
  which 
  we 
  can 
  get 
  some 
  idea 
  of 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  

   erosion 
  of 
  a 
  coast, 
  and 
  of 
  changes 
  in 
  level, 
  is 
  by 
  comparing 
  

   early 
  maps, 
  when 
  reliable 
  ones 
  exist, 
  with 
  recent 
  ones. 
  For- 
  

   tunately 
  the 
  Bermudas 
  were 
  carefully 
  surveyed 
  soon 
  after 
  they 
  

   were 
  settled 
  (1612) 
  by 
  a 
  competent 
  surveyor, 
  Richard 
  Norwood, 
  

   who 
  resided 
  there 
  many 
  years. 
  His 
  survey 
  was 
  mostly 
  made 
  

   between 
  1615 
  and 
  1622. 
  His 
  completed 
  map, 
  dated 
  1622, 
  and 
  

   engraved 
  in 
  Amsterdam, 
  was 
  published 
  and 
  for 
  sale 
  in 
  London 
  

   in 
  1626 
  ; 
  and 
  this 
  seems 
  to 
  be 
  the 
  best 
  edition 
  of 
  it, 
  for 
  the 
  

   outlines 
  are 
  engraved 
  clearly 
  and 
  with 
  care. 
  (See 
  p. 
  315.) 
  

   Two 
  other 
  editions 
  were 
  published 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  time. 
  A 
  

   later 
  careful 
  survey 
  was 
  made 
  about 
  1730 
  by 
  Lempriere, 
  whose 
  

   first 
  edition 
  I 
  have 
  not 
  seen. 
  It 
  was 
  republished 
  in 
  "The 
  

   West 
  Indian 
  Atlas," 
  by 
  Thos. 
  Jeffreys, 
  London, 
  1780. 
  

  

  I 
  have 
  carefully 
  compared 
  these 
  early 
  maps 
  with 
  the 
  most 
  

   recent 
  Admiralty 
  charts 
  and 
  with 
  other 
  maps 
  made 
  during 
  the 
  

   past 
  century. 
  The 
  changes 
  in 
  outlines 
  are 
  very 
  slight. 
  In 
  some 
  

   cases 
  small 
  bays 
  or 
  coves 
  have 
  been 
  converted 
  into 
  lagoons 
  by 
  

   the 
  formation 
  of 
  sandbars 
  across 
  the 
  mouth. 
  In 
  other 
  cases 
  

   such 
  bars 
  have 
  apparently 
  been 
  washed 
  away, 
  converting 
  a 
  

   small 
  lagoon 
  into 
  an 
  open 
  cove. 
  These 
  are 
  phenomena 
  that 
  

   are 
  common 
  on 
  all 
  sandy 
  shores, 
  and 
  may 
  take 
  place 
  during 
  a 
  

   single 
  severe 
  storm. 
  

  

  * 
  A 
  similar 
  severe 
  hurricane 
  occurred 
  here 
  just 
  60 
  years 
  earlier 
  (Sept. 
  11, 
  

   1839). 
  Other 
  remarkable 
  hurricanes 
  are 
  recorded 
  as 
  haviDg 
  occurred 
  in 
  1619 
  (two 
  

   in 
  November); 
  16th 
  Aug., 
  1629; 
  1668, 
  (no 
  date); 
  Oct., 
  1*780. 
  

  

  