338 Is the Pushto a Semitic Language ? [No. 4. 



exemplification ; but compare Sanskrit vrha with the Persian cXyí 

 (wolf ) ; Latín vespa (wasp) with the Frenen guépe ; Persian ^ 

 (garm) with G-erman warm ; vesper = Welsh gosper ; and all the 

 Spanish ñames beginning with guada from the Arabic (S^J " a river." 

 — But it is curious that both the Greek and the English variations 

 of the same word should have their represen tativ es in Pushto : the 

 Northern dialect has hagge, the Southern oe. So, in the same manner 

 as the Germán weide is to the English tvillow, so is the Persian ¿¿¿ 

 to Pushto *Jj (ivüla). The Pushto is extremely fond of changing 

 d into l. In the European languages this change of the dental into 

 l is not common, if the Spanish perhaps be excepted, which gets, for 

 instance, the Madril-eños from Madrid, and evidently manufactured 

 the ñame Isabel from JEl-izabeth, not unlikely mistaking the initial 

 El for an article. The Latin shews a few words with that tendeney ; 

 the connection between the English tear and the Latin lacryma would 

 be difficult to demónstrate but for the Gothic tagrs =■ Greek SaKpv 

 (SaKpv-fMo) ; the connection between lingua and tongue can only be 

 through an intermedíate dingua which is an antique Latin form. So 

 the Sanskrit madliu* remains in Greek ¡¿Wv, Germán meth, English 

 mead, Polish miód etc. ; but in Latin it is mel. In the same way 

 the Sanskrit devri (husband's brother) retains the d sound in Greek, 

 Lithuanian, Livonian, Slavonic, Servian, Armenian, and Saxon, but 

 the Latin has levir, and the Pushto also lewir (jjV) ; the nearest Per- 

 sian word seems to be \&\á which is used for a brother in a wide sense. 

 (Comp. Bopp. Yergl. Gramm. 17). 



This change of the dental into l is so much the more remarkable 

 as the Zend has no l ; and it may serve to show the amnities of the 

 Pushto, to those who have no inclination to study the language, to 

 give a few instances of this preference of l over d or t. 



Hindustani jj»o Pushto ¡jJ (las) ten. 



Persian o~«o 



J5 



(^jm^ (las) hand. 



^J** 



?> 



ís^) (lewanse) mad. 



» J ó ¿ 



JJ 



j&¿ (plár) father. 



fl¿ 



» 



^ (lúm) net. 



» *<H¿ 



» 



8¿jJ (lída) seen. 



v*\¿ 



)f 



v-J (laman) skirt. 



fjá 



)i 



fjl (laram) I have. 



