1857.] V&yu Vocabulary. 435 



cation and the like, and which are not expressed participially,* form yet another 

 class of substantives, as Chhugong-wo = a Bhotia, or native of Tibet ; Chhugong- 

 noi, a Bhotini or female of Tibet; Hengong-wo (m.), Hengong-mi (f.), a male 

 and female of Nepal proper ; Gyetimnamsang-wo-mi, a male and female stranger 

 or foreigner ; Rukcho-wo-mi, a male and female ploughman, B6ehho-wo-mi, a 

 male and female European (white-body) Graginmulung-wo-mi, a male and female 

 of the plains. In short, nouns of whatever sort (and the above enumeration has 

 been made here, though not strictly germain to grammar, expressly to show 

 the various sorts of nouns and their mode of construction) and pronouns also, 

 wherever used substantially or disjunctly, and therefore declinable, all follow 

 the above single form of declension. And, on the other hand every noun and 

 pronoun when used conjunctly, that is, preceding a substantive which is thereby 

 qualified, is always indeclinable, and, for the most part, altogether unchangeable, 

 having no expressed grammatical affections whatever, the signs of genders being 

 neglected in use even where they exist. Indeed qualifying and qualified words 

 seem to be as much as possible regarded as constituting a single compound term ; 

 and, the more effectually to ensure this, one of the two elements (the one that 

 goes first in the compound) is customarily truncated ; thus risa, a plantain, and 

 singphum, a tree, make risaphum ; and topmung, to strike and ramum, I fear, 

 make topramum. And so also the inflexional forms of the personal pronouns 

 which are used as qualifying or adjectival words, are to be regarded as quasi agglu- 

 tinated and perfectly immutable prefixes of the substantive, entirely distinct from 

 the correspondent pronouns of the possessive kind, which latter stand apart and 

 are liable to declensional changes after the above model, like all other qualitives 

 used substantially or disjunctly. 



* The participles (in vi, ta, and tang) being inherently relative, assunae a sub- 

 stantival character without the necessity of suffixing the usual appellative form- 

 atives in wo vel cho, and mi, though these may be superadded, if to mark 

 the sex of the agent be specially required. Thus to'vi, the striker, the he or she 

 who strikes, is not only an adjective, as to'vi ta'wo, the beating boy, but an inde- 

 pendant noun, the beater. Nevertheless would you specify the sex, you can say 

 to'vi-wo, the male striker and to'vi-mi, the female striker. 



