1857.] 



Vdyu Vocabulary. 



445 



Singular, 



Aff Ha pingko. 

 Neg. Ha tha ping. 



1. Ha pingsungmi, 



2. Ha pjngmi, 



3. Ha pingmi, 



Aff. Hasung. 



Give thou to me. 

 Neg. Tha hagno. 



Hasung chhe. 

 Hasung ne. 

 Tha hasung chhe. 

 Tha hasung ne. 



Singular. 



1. Hagnom = gives 

 to me. 



C 1. Hagnochhem. 

 \ 1. Hasnoruem. 

 2. Hami. 



2. Hami. 



2. Hami. 



3. -f-Hatura. 



Plural. 



Ha pingne. 

 Ha tha pingne. 



Causal Mood. 

 Imperative. 

 Dual. 



Ha pingchhe. 

 Ha tha pingche. 



Indicative present, 

 "and so on according to the form of conjugating the 

 transitive verb pingko, which see in sequel and to 

 which the root of the main verb is prefixed when 

 causation is expressed.* 



Passive Voice. 

 Imperative Mood. 



J Hacbhong. 



\ Give thou to us two 



J" Ha ki kong. 



\ Give thou to us all. 

 Tha hachhok. Tha ha kok. 



Dual and plural of agent. 

 Do ye two give to me. 

 Do ye all give to me. 



The negative forms. 



Indicative Mood. 

 Present. 

 Dual. 



Plural. 



J, TT , , , , . , f Hakokmi. excl. 



j-Hachhokmi, excl. J Hdk ^ m incl , 

 +Hachhikmi, incl. 1 = ' tQ ug aU (gubo 



L = § lves t0 US tW °- L audi file vel iste). 

 Dual and plural of the agent. 

 Give to me they two (or ye 2). 

 Give to me they all. 

 -fHachhikmi. -J-Hanem. 



Dual and plural of agent. 

 Give to thee they two. 

 Give to thee they all. 

 -fHatochhem. -f-Hatomem.f 



* Causal verbs have all the complete forms of conjugation proper to primary 

 verbs; and, as they are constituted by transitives, they take, like transitives, the 

 reflex and passive and double objective forms, being conjugated from pingche and 

 pingsung and ping (k) to, as well as pingko. The reflex of hato is hanche, conju- 

 gated like imche : the quasi passive is hasung, for which see on. Hato has no 

 doubly objected form. Itself expresses give it to him or give him. 



f The forms marked with a cross precedent (+) are common to both voices. 

 See active. There is no infinitive of this quasi passive. The causal transitive 

 which carries a passive as well as active sense has it, thus Hamung, to give, ha- 

 pingmung, to be given, more properly, to cause to give. So Newari has biye, to 

 give, biyeke (ke the causal sign) to be given or cause to give. Newari has no 

 other semblance even of a passive. Vayu with its suffixed objective forms of the 

 pronoun has, as above seen. But this again is weakened by the special restriction 

 of the suffixes, thus hanum, gives or gave to thee, / only and no other. 



3 L 



