452 



Yaifu Vocabulary. 



[No. 6. 



Indicative present. 



1. Sista 



2. Sista 



3. Sista 



f nognom. 

 ^ dumum, 

 J nouum. 

 [ dumi. 

 J nomi. 

 I dumi. 



"1 

 I An 



d so on according to the paradigms phi 

 and dam. 



Remark. — This form of the passive has a correspondent active form, sit'vi, nog- 

 nom vel dumum, and both are singularly free from doubt as to the sense, and 

 singularly correspondent with our English idiom, I am killing, I am killed, the 

 phrases being in effect, I am the killer and I am the killed. 



But, owing to the inherence of the relative sense in the participles, these forms 

 are eschewed. The following correspondent forms in Khas and Newari are equally 

 available in those languages and equally eschewed for the same reason. 



KMs. 



Active. 



Passive. 



1. Hannya hun. 



2. Hannya iios. 



3. Hannya ho. 



Hanyako hun. 

 Hanyako hds. 

 Hanyako ho. 



Newari. 



1. Ji syahmakha, or ju. 



2. Chha syahmakha, or ju 



3. Wo syahmakha, or ju. 



s. 



Sit'num. 



D. 



Sit'nochhem. 



P. 



Sit'nonem. 



8. 



7Sit'gnom. 



J). 



7Sit'gnochhem. 



P. 



Sit'gnonem. 



S. 



7Sit'sungmi. 



D. 



7Sit'sungchhem. 



P. 



Sit'sungnem. 



Syanahmakha, "] 

 Syanahmakha, > kha or julo.* 

 Syanahmakha, J 



Special forms of action between the 2 first persons. 



First form, I to thee. 



Kill or killed or will kill thee I only. 

 Kill or killed or will kill you two I only. 

 Kill or killed or will kill you ail I only. 



Second form, Thou to me. 



Present and 

 Future. 



> Preterite. 



Killst or wilt kill me thou (or he). 

 Kill or will kill me ye two (or they two) 

 Kill or will kill me ye all only. 

 Killedst me thou (or he). 

 Killed me ye two (or they two). 

 Killed me ye all only. 



The negative merely prefixes ma as in active voice. 



The interrogative drops the final m or mi and substitutes ki ma, as in active 

 voice. 



The potential is conjugated with the passive form of the secondary verb wdnto. 



Present and future. Preterite. 



1. Sit'wdns;nom. 1. Sit'w6nsungmi. 1 j i ■ *.• 



I and so only conjugating 



[ like passive of Hato. 



Sit'wonmi. 

 Sit'wontum. 



2. Sit'wonmi 



3. Sit'wontum. 



Optative mood precisely as in the active voice, dakgnom, meaning I desire 

 and I am desired, and the passive expression being removed from the truncated 

 main verb. 



* Kha and ju are substantive verbs in Newari, whereof the former is immutable, 

 and the latter becomes julo in the preterite. 



