1857.] Vayu Vocabulary. 481 



nouns (Himalayan simple* and those above cited) ; whilst the attempt to blend with 

 the action, agents as well as patients and both in the dual and plural numbers, has 

 been maintained only by Kiranti and some oceanic tongues, the Vayu, Sontal, &c, 

 being now restricted to a duality and plurality on one side only, viz. that of the 

 agents or that of the objects. The Vayu can express (like the Sontal) several 

 agents and one patient ; or several patients and one a<sent; but not a plurality of 

 both. The Kiranti can express a plurality of both. But neither one nor the other 

 has effected the same sort and degree of amalgamation of its conjunct pronouns in 

 the case of its nouns as well as verbs, as the Himalayan Kuswar and the Ugro- 

 finnic tongues generally have done, which all alike have perfectly blended suffixes 

 for both; whilst the Kiranti with an equal fusion in both cases prefers the method 

 of prefix for the nouns, f and the Vayu, following the same Dravirian order of 

 arrangement has not reached the same completeness of development in this respect 

 (therein further agreeing wiih Dravirian) though more in others. It has a perfectly 

 separate set of possessives for combination (ang, ung, a vel u) ; but to the noun 

 has got blended inseparably the 3rd of these (ang-upa, ung-upa, a-upa or wathim 

 u-pa) and thus a euphonic combination of the whole with the nominal root has 

 been prevented, as in Bodo which, however, as well as Vayu, can and occasionally 

 does, use as perfectly fusedj prefix forms as the Kiranti, and sometimes both the 

 disjunct and conjunct prefixually, and Dhimali likewise. § From the verb Bodo 

 like Malayalim and several Nilgiri tongues, has dropt the pronoun : Dimali, like 

 Tamil, Uraon and Male, has kept it: in Vayu, as in Sontal and Ho, the phaeno- 

 mena are complex. 



I refer to the head of pronoun for some more remarks on this subject. In the 

 meanwhile and in conclusion of the topic of Vayu conjugation I beg to suggest 

 attention to the following collation of actives and passives of the several types, in 

 the 3rd persons of the present (or future) and preterite. 



* The simple or nonpronominalized are Newari, Murmi, Gurung, Magar, Khas 

 (mixed), Lep'cha, Palusen or Syar'pa (Serpa), Bodo, &c. 



Wherewith 



Compare Sontal and Kuswar. 



apu-ing dal-eng aing. Baba-im. Thatha-im-ik-an. 



apa-m dal-me-am. Baba-ir. Thatha-ir-ik-an. 



apa-t dal-e ai. Baba-ik. Thatha-ik-an. 



f a-pa, my "J 



i-po, thy I father, 



a-po, his J 



tib-u, T 



tib-f, thou [ strike. 



tib-a, he 



Bodo. C Vayu. *) Dhimali. Its verb, 



a-pha. Jam-pa. ( ka-pa. De,ngl<hi-ka. 



na-pha. J um-pa. t na-pa. Dengkhi-na. 



bi-pha. l.a-pa. J wa-pa. Dengkhi. 



The full pronominal forms with the noun are — 



angni apha. f ang upa. kang apa") ("l^ng ka-pa. -| 



nangmi apha. < ung upa. nang apa > or < nang na-pa. 



bini-apha or [ wathim upa. oko apa ) (eko wa-jia. >^_ 



J with Kuki 



Which last 

 quite agrees 



nangni napha 

 bini bipha. 



