508 



Aborigines of the Nilgiris. 



[No. 6. 



nouns and suffix ually with verbs as in the Dravirian tongues,* and 

 others of the use of both suffixually, as in the West Altaic and 

 Ugrofinnic groups of languages.* Separate words meaning two and 

 all can be added to pronouns (and to nouns) to form duals and 



Hayu 



* Two Forms. 

 r am-pa 

 \ urn-pa 

 1 wa ) 



Kiranti 

 Bailing 



Kiranti 

 Bontawa 



Kuswar 



ang-upa (My ) 

 ung-upa 1 Thy > father 

 wathim-pa /His \ 



father 



To' - 1 ) -mum struck me. 



To'-p-nuin struck thee. 



To'-p-t-um or ") , , , . 

 rpS > struck him. 



To -p-um ) 



baba-ir 



baba-ik 



(Tip-t-dng (I 

 ] Tip-t-u ] T 

 (.Tip-t-a (H 



(Mo-v-iing (I 

 ] Ta md-v-ii ] 1 

 ( Md-v-eii ( I 



father 



hou > struck. 

 He ) 



Thou [-struck. 

 He J 



fThatha-im f "") 



| -ik-an j I 

 J Thatha-ir- , 



i ik-an 1 Thou \ struck ' 

 I Thatha-ik- j 

 t_ an l^He J 



His | 

 L L J 



Remarks. — The Hayu conjunct pronoun (see 1st form) is falling out of use. 

 Form 2nd gives the full possessive before u-pa used for father though it be liter- 

 ally a father, any father, his father, pater illius vel istius vel ejus vel cujusvis 

 proeter me et te. The verb is given in the objective or agen to- objective form = 

 the passive, the active voice no longer showing clearly the pronomenalization. 

 There is now used instead of this form and perhaps ever was (it is a question of 

 decomposition versus non-development) in the active voice the form seen in the 

 sequel in Khwa-chammi, I, thou, he, feed (self.) Here it would be to'-p-ummi, or 

 top-t-ummi, (p = Bontava v, being the transitive sign, iterated, or not, in the 

 form of t) I. thou, he strike, or struck, or will strike. In Bahing also, which has 

 a clear discrimination of time into present cum future and past, the former is ti- 

 b-ii, ti-b-i, ti-b-a, I, thou, he strike or will strike. In these samples, we see, 

 again, the transitive sign b = p = v, and this sign discriminated clearly from the 

 temporal sign or t. The manner in which pa becomes pd in the Bahing noun; 

 pa, my father : pd, = pa-u, any body's father, is most suggestive and should warn 

 us against laying such undue stress on the position (prefix or post-fix) of the 

 conjunct pronouns. Frequently both are used, the former being in the full separ- 

 ate form and the latter in the contracted, as in the Altaic tongues, and not less in 

 Sonthal and H<5 and indeed in all. Kuswar beautifully demonstrates the charac- 

 ter of the infixed pronoun as a mark of the transitive verb, and it will be seen 

 that this language inverts the order of the agcntive and objective, and adds a 

 common termination or an. The neuter verb of course omits the transitive sign 

 and runs thus, walg-en-im, walg-en-ir, walg-en, I, thou, he fell. En is possibly 

 the participial particle. But it is more probably the neuter sign. 



