1852.] On the Sites of Nikaia and Boukephalon, 215 



of Russool. In his older and correcter map, when under the guidance 

 of better authority, he placed Nikaia where I believe it to have stood. 



In order to consider the arguments for either position, let us first 

 determine the point at which Alexander crossed the Indus. Abisares,* 

 we all know, was king of the mountainous Indies of the Punjaub, i. e. 

 either of Huzara and the mountain tract enclosed by the Indus and 

 Hydaspes, or of that and of the Juppaul and Jumboo mountains. In 

 the latter case, he probably held also Cashmere. 



Now, in invading the Assakanoi,f Alexander had to cross the 

 river Gouraios, difficult of passage owing to its depth and current, and 

 the round and slippery boulders in its bed. This river, says Arrian, 

 is called after the people, Gouraioi, of that country. The Gouraioi, 

 called to this day Gour, still dwell upon the Sohaut river, im- 

 properly called in some Maps J Loondi, and the river to this day 

 bears, as one of several names, the title of Punjgowra, from a town of 

 that name on its bank inhabited by the Gour tribe. Here we have 

 an undoubted landmark. Again the barbarians escaping from Massaga§ 

 designed to take refuge first in Ora ; but eventually fled to Abisares. 

 Alexander marched to Ora, and then besieged Bazira, and the fugitives 

 from Bazira fled to the rock Aornos,|l whose roots (see Curtius) the 

 Indus enters. ^f It is manifest therefore, that the river Gouraios, that 



* Arrian calls him rcov bpetcov 'Ivd&v j8acrtA.ej5s. v. 8. 



Curtius says : Abisares et Porus erant : sed in Poro eminebat auctoritas. Uter- 

 que ultra Hydaspem amnera regnabat. viii. 12. 



Strabo says : 'TVep 8e ravrris iv ro7s opeaiv rj rov 'AfSurdpov xccpa, trap' <£ 8vo 

 Hp&KovraS air^yy ^KXov ol trap avrov irpecrfieiS Tpe<pecr0at, rbv fihv 6ydor)Kovra irrix&v, 

 rbv 8e reTrapaKovra irpbs to?s eKarbv, ws ilprjKev 'OvrjaiKpiros. Vol. iii. lib. xv. 

 cap. i. p. 269, Ed. Tauchnitz. Such monsters are wholly unknown in this region 

 at present. 



fltye 5e Sih Tys Tovpaluv X^P aS f Ka ^ ToV Torafibv rbv iirdjvvfjLOV ttjs x^P -* rov 

 Tovpaiov xo\eirci>s Ste'/fy, Sit\ ^advTrjrd re Kal tin o|i/s 6 pods ?jv avrcp Kal ol \l9oi 

 o~rpoyyi>\ot, iv ra> irorafKa ovres ff(pa\zpol ro?s i-jrifiaivovaiv iylyvovro. Arrian 

 lib. iv. cap. 25. 



X This river becomes the Loondi when all the streams are united, that is, after 

 joining the Kabul river ; at Julalabad it is the Nagooman. 



§ Tatfra jxaQibv 'AA.e£af Spos, Sopixrjrai yizv ws itri Baftpa' yvovs 8e on ruv irpoffoUoou 

 Ttvts fiapfidpcov irapiivai is ra. 'Clpa. t)]v tt6\iv \a96vres fi4\Aovai, npbs 'Afiiadpov iirl 

 r^Se iaraXfxevoi, iirl ra'flpa irpwrov ^ye. ib. lib. iv. cap. 27. 



|| Ecpevyov (i. e. ol iv to?s Bafipois) is tt\v irirpav ttjv iv rfj x&P a i r h v ' ' Aopvov 

 KaAovfitvyv. ib. lib. iv. cap. 28. 



If Petra non ut plerseque modicis ac mollibus clivi in sublime fastigium crescit, 



