242 On the Sites of Nikaia and Boukephalon. [No. 3. 



ing the Hyphasis, i. e. on the southern border of the Ravi, and came 

 (in progress to %dyya\a,) first to the town Hi^irpaixa upon the Hydrao- 

 tis, where the 'ASpa'toW, an Indian tribe, submitted. There halting 

 one day, he came on the third to 3ayya\a, where the Katfatoi, a war- 

 like and very powerful tribe, were ready to defend their city with a 

 formidable army. This city was moated on one side with a marsh, it 

 had walls, and on the dry side a triple row of waggons* linked 

 together formed a triple rampart around a mound from which the 

 enemy launched their arrows and darts. This town appears to have 

 cost Alexander much trouble. The enemy's loss is recorded by Curtius 

 at 8000, by Arrian at 17000. The city therefore must have been very 

 large. It may have been on the Ravi, or one march from it. It was 

 destroyed by Alexander. There was a mound on one side, which was 

 probably the brick kiln from which the city was constructed. The 

 swamp which half girdled itf may have been either a natural marsh, 

 or an old channel of the Ravi, or the hollow, so common near Indian 

 cities, caused by excavating the soil for the manufacture of bricks. 

 This is frequently found in the form of a ditch ; economy causing the 

 people to dig at the points nearest to the site of the proposed building, 

 and the great value of land near a town restricting the excavations to 

 a certain surface. Supposing the palus to have been a natural marsh, 

 its product the SingharaJ nut may have given the town the name 

 Singhara, which the Greeks would easily write Sangala. The Kathaioi 

 had been at war with the Oxydrakoi and Malloi, so that Lahore, or a 



* v Iva ol KaOcuot Te Kal ol 6,\Koi itphaxvpoi avrols £vve\r)\v96Te$ trpb rrjs irokews 

 TrapaTeray/xeuoi rfaav iwl yr]\6<pov ov ira.vTt\ airoro/nov' KvuXq 5e rov yrj\6(pov a/xd^as 

 irepiffTfjcraj/Tes, iurbs avrdv iffrparoTreSevov, ws rpnr\ovv x^P aKa irpofSe[iAr)o'6ai twv 

 apa^wv. Arrian, v. 22. 



t 'E7ri iroXv yhp iirexov to re?xos t<£ ffrparoTredcp KvuXua'aaQcu ov fivvarbs iyeuero ' 

 Kara 8e t« SiaXe'nrovTa avrov, 'iva. nal XI/avt] ov [laKpav rod Teixovs tfv. Arrian v. 23. 



Ad magnam deinde (ut in ea regione) urbem pervenit, non muro solum, sed 

 etiam palude munitam. Cseterum barbari vehiculis inter se junctis dimicaturi 

 occurreruot. Aliis tela, aliis hastse, aliis secures erant : transiliebantque in vehicula 

 strenuo saltu quum succurrere laborantibus suis vellent. Curtius ix. 1. 



X In India and in Cashmere the Singhara nut forms an important article of 

 food, and in Cashmere yields a revenue to Government. It grows at the bottom 

 of marshes. The kernel, which when roasted resembles the chestnut, is contained 

 in a thorny shell. 



