J?. S. Lull — Dinosaurian Distribution. 21 



have accompanied the latter in all of their wanderings. In 

 addition to this they had, during Triassic times, deployed 

 rapidly before our records give us evidence of the existence of 

 the herbivores. 



The oldest recorded Theropoda, those of the Lower Muschel- 

 kalk, are found in Germany, but we have no proof that this 

 was the center of dispersal. Indeed v. Huene (1908, pp. 100- 

 101) is of the opinion that one must go farther west, where a 

 great continent extended from England to America, to find the 

 conditions which, we have imagined, must have given rise to 

 the dinosaurian race. During the Keuper, particularly, " a 

 brackish sea and swamp extended from England to Eastern 

 Germany as far as the Scandinavian, East Prussian and Bohe- 

 mian borders, where another great northern continent began 

 and extended eastward." 



The semi-arid continent of Triassic time would doubtless be 

 the chosen habitat, the swamp regions the place where the 

 remains of wandering individuals might more readily be 

 preserved. 



During the Trias, the Theropoda spread in one direction 

 through Germany, France, England, and in the other to east- 

 ern and finally to western North America, which was reached 

 not later than the Upper Keuper. On the other hand, they 

 migrated southward in the Old World to the Gondwana con- 

 tinent, for in the Lettenkohle time we find them in India, in 

 the Upper Keuper in Australia, while South Africa was 

 reached at least by Rhgetic time. 



"What the precise line of march was is somewhat doubtful — 

 I imagine, however, it was southward to what is now northern 

 Africa, thence east to India and Australia, and south to the 

 Cape Colony. We have no recorded evidence of Triassic 

 dinosaurs in South America or in New Zealand. I should 

 hesitate to infer that they had not reached South America 

 during this period, though, as we shall see, the first remains to be 

 found are not older than the Wealden. New Zealand, however, 

 has yielded a rich Triassic flora, together with the remains of 

 labyrinthodonts, implying extensive terrestrial deposits though 

 not the ideal dinosaurian habitat ; but as Theropoda are found 

 in all sorts of deposits, even marine, that feature is not espe- 

 cially significant. The total absence of the dinosaurs from 

 New Zealand deposits of any age; the presence in the Permian 

 and Trias of labyrinthodonts ; the presence to-day of the abso- 

 lutely unique JIatteria, the sole survivor of its order, dating 

 its ancestry also from the Permian ; the presence of no tailed 

 amphibia, of one rare species of frog, of a few lizards, which 

 Heilprin tells us cannot pass the sea as adults, but do in the 

 egg as they are found on remote oceanic islands to which they 



