366 Scientific Intelligence. 



Nos. 55 (Mines) and HOY (Geologic Survey). Joint Report on 

 the Bituminous or Oil-Shales of New Brunswick and Nova 

 Scotia ; also on the Oil-Shale Industry of Scotland. Part I, Eco- 

 nomics ; Part II, Geology ; by R. W. Ells. Pp. 75, 15 plates, 

 6 figures. 



3. Kilaiiea and Mauna Loa, Hawaiian Volcanoes / by Wm. 

 T. Brigham, Mem. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Mus., vol. ii, No. 4. 

 Pp. 222, 4°, 67 plates, 143 figs. Honolulu, 1909. — The author 

 states in the beginning of his work that it is mainly for the pur- 

 pose of presenting his studies, which have continued for nearly 

 half a century, on the Hawaiian volcanoes, and thus supplying a col- 

 lection of material which may be used by students of vul- 

 canology ; he modestly disclaims any attempt to solve by theoriz- 

 ing the deeper problems of this science, the source of volcanic 

 heat and energy; in short, the cause of volcanic action. The 

 work is thus mainly a record of observations of volcanic phe- 

 nomena, and the writer has compiled so largely from the writings 

 of other observers in this region, that the whole forms practically 

 an historical account, in considerable detail, of the activity dis- 

 played here during the past fifty years. Particularly valuable in 

 this connection are the various maps showing the changes which 

 have taken place from time to time in the different craters. 

 Much of the work, entirely aside from the standpoint of its being 

 a collection of recorded observations, is very interesting reading, 

 and the author's personal knowledge has enabled him to correct 

 a number of errors, which at one time or another have crept into 

 various publications on the volcanic phenomena of the islands. 



The volume is well printed and bound, and embellished with a 

 large number of half-tone cuts and plates from photographs^ 

 which greatly enhance its value and interest ; the only criticism 

 which might be offered in this connection is, that had a different 

 kind of paper been employed, the half-tone cuts would have given 

 much better results. The work as a whole is a very useful addi- 

 tion to the literature of vulcanology. l. v. p. 



4. Deviations from the Normal Order of Crystallization in 

 Granite. — Mackie, in an article entitled " Micropegmatites in 

 Granite," gives the results of a study of a number of Scotch 

 granites in which deviations from the usually assumed order of 

 crystallization of the minerals occur. While ostensibly a study 

 of various types of micropegmatite, its chief interest consists in 

 the discussion of the order of crystallization and the explanations 

 devised to account for irregularities. He finds in granite that 

 quartz is the most aberrant mineral, its occurrence in abnormal 

 position being equal to orthoclase and plagioclase together, and 

 there are two maxima of this, one in the hornblende of horn- 

 blendic rocks, the other in the orthoclase of the more acid rocks. 

 He explains this by supposing that in the molten solution the 

 liquid hornblende is able to keep a certain amount of silica (or 

 quartz) dissolved, but when the hornblende crystallizes this is 

 also forced to crystallize ; later the rest of the quartz would 



