" 



FEWKES— RUINS IN FEWKES CANON 



circular type, which is represented by many examples in the Mesa 

 Verde, falls naturally into two groups — (A) that characterized by a 

 vaulted roof, and (B) that in which the roof is flat. The former is 

 known by the presence, the latter by the absence, of pilasters pro- 

 jecting from the inner walls. 



These two groups of circular kivas differ in other particulars— one, 

 (a) the vaulted-roofed form, is subterranean; the other, or flat-roofed 

 form (b), is built above ground. The walls of circular kivas above 

 ground have ordinarily a banquette extending either partly or com- 

 pletely round the room. This form of kiva is sometimes surrounded 

 by a second wall, connected by radial partitions separating the in- 

 terval into several compartments; it is then called a tower, and may 

 be circular, semicircular, or square. The circular kiva with vaulted 

 roof (a) is most highly developed in the Mesa Verde, the McElmo 

 and its tributaries, the Chaco, the Chelly, and westward to Monte- 

 zuma canon. As we pass from this area to the westward, however, 

 this type loses its essential structural features and is replaced by the 

 flat-roofed, circular kiva, which extends far down the San Juan to the 

 great ruins of the Navaho National Monument in northern Arizona 



Fig. 12. — Straw brush from Oak-tree House. 



The circular kiva above ground (b) has a limited distribution, 

 corresponding closely with that of the other type (a), and it also be- 

 comes less and less complex architecturally as the distance from the 

 Mesa Verde increases. In the tower, its most highly developed form, 

 it has two encircling walls with partitions, separating compartments; 

 in its modified form it has lost these important features. The modern 

 circular kiva belongs to the second type (b), but is not so complicated 

 as the tower, being without surrounding rooms. 



Architecturally, and hence culturally, round ruins are generally 

 associated, in the Southwest, with round towers, or circular kivas 



[115] 



