HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



above ground, although the geographical distribution of the two is 

 not necessarily the same. Round ruins occur throughout the area 

 from the San Juan or Mesa Verde to Zufli, but their special characters 

 are most pronounced in the northern area. Although as yet we have 

 not demonstrated the existence of a round ruin on the Mesa Verde 

 or in the San Juan, the indications are that the so-called Mummy 

 lake in the former region is not a reservoir, as its name indicates, but 

 a round pueblo belonging to the same type as Penasco Blanco in the 

 Chaco canon, and other circular ruins as far south as Zuni. 



Kintiel and its neighbor, Kinna Zinde, several miles north of Zuni, 

 and Fire House or Tebungkihu and Kukutcomo near Sikyatki, belong 

 to this circular type. The well-known Tyuonyi and other Keres ruins 

 in the Rio Grande region are circular, while several oval ruins, such 

 as Heshotauthla, Matyata, and others near Zuni, might be mentioned. 



Information derived from a study of the pottery corroborates the 

 teachings afforded by the architectural features of these ruins. The 

 typical Mesa Verde pottery occurs in the same ruins as do the char- 

 acteristic vaulted-roof kivas. In other words, both indicate one and 

 the same culture from which far-reaching influences have gone out. 

 Clans have conveyed architectural and ceramic features from the 

 San Juan into the Rio Grande region, where the second type of circular 

 flat-roof kivas survives in several modern pueblos. Other clans, 

 migrating westward down the San Juan, have carried the same 

 ceramic and architectural features to Navaho mountain and even to 

 the Hopi country. As the culture is extended farther and farther 

 from its place of origin 1 its influence weakens: the kiva loses many 

 of its early structural characters; the symbols on pottery are modified 

 or replaced by others more complex, due to evolution or contact with 

 alien tribes. Areas of specialized symbolism have developed in this 

 way, westward and southward, and distinct areas with a corresponding 

 variety of symbols have become differentiated ; hence we find so many 

 architectural and ceramic local centers southward and westward from 

 the Mesa Verde, where the culture is uniform over a much larger area. 



The largest ruins of circular or oval form occur midway in the line 

 from the San Juan to the Zuni pueblos, and are either smaller or 

 entirely absent in the regions east or west of that line, although in- 

 stances of their sporadic occurrence elsewhere might be mentioned. 

 The distribution of this characteristic type follows what may be re- 

 garded as the route of migration of clans of an ancient people from the 



1 The legends of the Pueblos locate their place of origin in the north, which was the direction 

 of the San Juan from them. The people of San Juan valley are called by the Hopi the Tcamahia, 

 a Keres word for Warriors of the North. 



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