HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



she — them an.), and ku— , you s. — them inan. (the k- of series n plus 

 the u-, they inan., of series i) are forms the understanding of which 

 must be sought by comparison with other Tanoan languages. The 

 -na n — forms are formed by postfixing -na n - to the corresponding 

 form indicating a singular object. The forms of this series are used 

 in forming pronouns of series IV and vil. 



This series presents numerous ambiguities which are difficult and 

 perplexing to anyone learning to speak the language, as will be seen 

 by study of the tabulation. 



Subjective-objective-referential pronouns indicate a relation be- 

 tween animate subject, animate referential object, and animate or 

 inanimate direct object. By referential object is meant a person re- 

 ferred to in connection with the object, including what is expressed 

 in English by the indirect object, proximity to or accompaniment or 

 ownership of object. Thus ta n sndamu n , lit. I — with reference to him — 

 him dog saw, is translatable as I saw the dog for him, I saw the dog 

 by him, I saw the dog with or accompanying him, or I saw his dog. 

 Also with the noun omitted, ta n mu n , I saw him for him, etc. This 

 series bears the same relation to series in that series II bears to series 

 I, and might well be termed subjective-objective-possessive pronouns, 

 except that their use has been extended beyond strictly possessive 

 meaning. There are no special verb forms which require this series. 



The dual and plural pronouns of this series are derived from the 

 subjective-objective pronouns (series ill) indicating dual subject — an. 

 pi. object and pi. subject — an. pi. object in general by the same 

 process of postfixing — m— and — u— by which series II is derived from 

 series I, the elements second in order which in series ill indicate direct 

 object, in this series indicating referential object. The k- of first per- 

 son subject — second person referential object forms is the same as 

 that appearing in the first person dual and plural and second person 

 singular possessive forms (series n) ; see also the series ill pronouns 

 kan-, we d. — them inan., kiu— , we pi. — them inan., and ku-, you s. — 

 them inan. The t- of the first person singular subject — third person 

 singular object forms is the same as that of the first person singular 

 subject — third person singular an. and inan. object of the subjective- 

 objective pronouns (series ill). The second person singular pronouns 

 are derived from the second person singular subjective pronoun a n - 

 (series i), the third person singular pronouns are the same as the 

 corresponding possessive forms, and the pronouns indicating relation 

 between second person subject and first person referential object, 

 irrespective of number, are identical with the second person plural 

 possessive forms (cf. mat-, you s., d., or pi. — me or us). If either the 



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