HKDLICKA— CHIPPEWA ANTHROPOLOGY 



mixed, had acquired considerable experience in this direction. To 

 fortify himself still further, however, he spent a month among the 

 Sioux and on some of the most isolated Chippewa reservations, and 

 several new tests and observations were made on both unquestionable 

 full-bloods and on mixed-bloods of known status. The additional 

 experience thus gained proved invaluable in the final work, as it was 

 not only possible to detect and separate all mixed-bloods from full- 

 bloods, but to form a fair estimate of the proportion of white blood 

 wherever mixture existed. 



As was expected, a large proportion of the tribe was found to be 

 mixed with whites in all possible grades, while relatively few are 

 mixed with Indians of other tribes, and only a few with negroes. 1 

 Nevertheless, a number also were discovered of those who, so far as 

 physical examination could show, were still genuine full-bloods, but 

 unfortunately these were mostly middle-aged or old people. How 

 their families escaped mixture is difficult to explain, but the main 

 cause was probably isolation in distant or inaccessible parts of the 

 territory. Notwithstanding their age, however, many of these indi- 

 viduals were still in good physical condition, so that observations and 

 measurements of value were practicable. 2 The best preserved of the 

 subjects, without further selection, will be reported on in the following 

 pages. The decrepit, and those in whose cases the interests of justice 

 have not yet been satisfied, it was necessary to exclude. The total 

 remaining number of subjects available for report comprised 17 males 

 and 42 females. This striking preponderance of the females is not due 

 to the necessary eliminations but largely to the numerical preponder- 

 ance of that sex among the aged Chippewa generally. 



In age the males to be reported on range from 19 to 83 years, the 

 females from 16 to 87; but only 4 of the males and 6 of the females 

 were below 46, while more than half of each sex exceeded 60. 3 Only 



1 These last cases are very unfortunate, and the friends of the Indian, as well as the authorities 

 over him, should do their best to prevent their increase, for they degrade the race and remove from 

 the progeny the possibility of amalgamation with the whites, in which lies their future. 



2 At Cross Lake a woman 85 years of age was found chopping down a tree nearly three feet in 

 diameter, wielding a four-pound ax (pi. nil). This was about nine o'clock in the morning. At 

 about one o'clock, on our return, we found the woman still at work, assisted by her daughter, 

 herself an elderly woman. The tree was by this time more than half cut. The cutting was not done 

 in white-man's fashion, but all around, in much the manner employed by a beaver. 



* Age distribution of subjects: 



Years Subjects {m.) Per cent Subjects (/.) Per cent 



16 - — 12 



19-^23 



2 



12 



- 



— 



24-45 



2 



12 



5 



12 



46-60 



4 



23 



13 



31 



61-70 



6 



35 



11 



26 



71-80 



3 



17 



9 



21 



Above 80 







3 



7 



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