HRDLICKA— CHIPPEWA ANTHROPOLOGY 



ALVEOLAR PROGNATHISM 



Males Females 



Subjects Per cent Subjects Per cent 



About as average in whites, in . . . . 6 16 



Slightly to moderately above the aver- 

 age in whites 12 92 28 74 



Marked 1 8 4 10 



The more marked cases of alveolar prognathism were mostly accom- 

 panied, as generally is the case, by slightly to moderately thicker lips. 



Chin. — The Indian chin, while never receding, is as a rule slightly 

 less prominent than the average chin in whites; and in men it is 

 occasionally square. These conditions were found true of the Chip- 

 pewa. The chin was relatively strong, but only moderately prominent 

 in all the males as well as in all the females; and it was square in two, 

 or 12 per cent, of the males. 



Lower Jaw. — On the whole, the lower jaw in the Indian is stronger 

 than in civilized whites, including Americans, and no exception to 

 this was found to exist among the Chippewa examined. 



The angles of the jaw are never so subdued in full-blood Indians 

 as they frequently are in whites, and particularly in the women. 

 Among the Chippewa, in two-thirds of the males and in more than 

 nine-tenths of the females they were about normal, neither weak nor 

 excessive ; in the remaining third of the males and in one female they 

 were more or less protruding. 



Shape of Upper Incisors. — The upper incisors of the Indian, as 

 repeatedly pointed out by the writer, differ in shape in a character- 

 istic way from those of the whites, by presenting a marked cingulum 

 about their lingual surface, which gives this surface a decided "shovel- 

 shaped" concavity. Such incisors were found in every case of the full- 

 blood Chippewa where the upper incisors could still be examined ; in 

 more than half of the males and four-fifths of the females, however, 

 these teeth were either considerably worn or lost, so that their char- 

 acter could not be determined. 



The Body. — The general status of the neck, chest, and rest of the 

 body among the full-blood Chippewa was found to correspond closely 

 to that of other Indians. These parts are never slender, even in child- 

 hood, but frequently are quite stocky. The chest in particular is large, 

 especially in the males. In most cases married women grow stout, 

 though not obese. The development of the breasts in the women is 

 never too small nor again excessive. The limbs in both sexes are 

 strong, though not abnormally so ; the hands and feet are of moderate 

 dimensions. The nails of both fingers and toes are larger than the 

 average in whites. 



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