KROEBER— ZUNI RELIGION 



kernel of the religion; so that, when on the withdrawal of the Catholic 

 priests the fraternities were able once more to rear their heads as they 

 desired, they found themselves dissociated from these characteristic 

 structures. Whether these things really happened, remains to be de- 

 termined from comparative inquiries and possibly by documentary 

 researches; but the probability of some effects of this sort can hardly 

 be doubted. 



In their essential freedom from Spanish influence, the Hopi have 

 certainly preserved their ancient religion more purely than any other 

 Pueblo community; yet it would be rash to conclude that their 

 rituals present the truest picture of Pueblo religion as it was four 

 hundred years ago. Geographically, they are the outposts of the 

 group to which they belong. Many things point to even the Zuhi 

 being but the advanced line, in most matters, of a civilization whose 

 hearth, at the discovery, lay on the Rio Grande; and with all their 

 superior fortune in preservation, the Hopi may have preserved only 

 that phase of Pueblo culture that was the least typical. These are con- 

 siderations that must be carried in the minds of future investigators. 



The Zufii form the names of their fraternities by adding the suffix 

 -kwe, 'people', to the designation of an animal, plant, or object: as 

 Tlewwe-kwe, 'wood or staff people', K'oshi-kwe, 'cholla-cactus people', 

 Hallona-kwe, 'ant people'. In some cases the etymology of the radical 

 is uncertain : Newe-kwe is translated 'galaxy-fraternity' on the author- 

 ity of Cushing; but the ordinary word for the milky way is yuppia- 

 tlanna, and few if any Zuhi can translate newe literally. 



The generic name for fraternity or religious society is tikkyanne, 

 plural tikkyawe. From this is the term tikkyilli, more fully tikkyillonna 

 or tikkyilliponna, 'he who has a fraternity', 'a society member', — 

 which includes illi, 'to have'. This is Mrs Stevenson's tikili, 'frater- 

 nity'. Now, the tribal organization headed by the priests is the 

 Ko-tikkyanne, and each of its adherents is a Ko-tikkyilli. Mrs Ste- 

 venson's Kotikili, 'mythologic fraternity' ('members of the mythologic 

 fraternity' would be etymologically more accurate), gives the conno- 

 tation rather satisfactorily, but is literally inexact. The best rendering 

 into English of Ko-tikkyanne — a thoroughly true one is impossible — is 

 'god-fraternity'. The Ko-tikkyilli are the adherents to the tikkyanne of 

 the kokko, the gods. 



The word kokko denotes both less and more than the English 

 "god". It does not seem to be applied to Awonawilona, to the sun, 

 the Earth mother, and other personifications. It is perhaps definitely 

 restricted to those gods that are represented by masks. It includes, on 

 the other hand, these masks and the dancers that wear them. In short, 



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