HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



Life" j 1 but the element for "life" is not expressed. That Ho'n-awonna- 

 willona is not always thoughtof as an unpersonalized penetrating essence 

 is shown by the fact that he is at times referred to as being in the sky. 

 On the other hand, it is doubtful whether the epithet implies an indi- 

 vidualized personality. Bandelier in his picture of ancient Keres life in 

 The Delight Makers mentions repeatedly "the holders of the paths of our 

 lives." The element aw- in the Zuhi word is a plural prefix; whether 

 it refers to the ways or to the multiple holders thereof, is not certain. 



The word shiwanni, or in the orthography here used, shiwwanni, 

 plural ashiwwanni, — the hereditary keepers of rain-fetishes, prayers 

 for rain, directors or performers of all the more esoteric activities of 

 the tribal religion, and the ultimate rulers of the pueblo — has usually 

 been translated "rain priest". "Priest" may do, in spite of certain 

 implications foreign to Zuhi institutions. "Rain priest" is a substan- 

 tial enough rendering, since the prime intent of the whole existence 

 of a shiwwanni is the production of rain. As a translation, however, 

 it would be false; nothing meaning "rain" is contained in the word. 

 The actual etymology cannot be given, but seems in all probability 

 connected with shi'we, 'flesh', 'meat'; or shiwwi, 'Zuhi person', as in 

 the plural ashiwwi, 'the Zunis'. 



It is not to be forgotten, however, that The Delight Makers, whose 

 scene is laid among Keresan people of speech utterly unrelated to 

 Zuhi, refers to the shiwana, the "spirits of the fetishes" or rainmakers, 

 apparently in the sense of the Zuni uwannami, the rain-making 

 celestial deities. 



The native title of the Zuhi lieutenant governor is tsippolowe 

 shiwwanni, 'Mexican priest', that is, priest for the Mexicans. He is 

 expected to speak Spanish, and to have particular charge of relations 

 with Spaniards and Mexicans. At dances it is his particular business 

 to see that no Mexican is in the pueblo. 



The civil governor is known either as annutla or tapupu. The 

 former seems to be a native word of unknown derivation; it may 

 possibly be connected with anni-kwa, 'to know'. The latter recurs in 

 Keresan as tapop, in Bandelier's orthography, and is therefore perhaps 

 a loan-word in Zuni. 



The word pekwinna is often translated 'deputy' by Mrs Stevenson, 

 and at other times has been rendered 'sun priest'. Both terms convey 

 a rather satisfactory idea of the functions of the office. Pekwinna 

 however means 'speaker', from pe-yye'a, to speak, pe-nna, a word. 

 The pekwinna of a shiwwanni or other religious official is the one 



1 Cited by Fewkes, Amer. Anthr., vm, 124, 1895. 



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