HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



more than five inches long, the total length of the specimen being 

 but ten inches (25.5 cm.). 



If these monolithic axes were ceremonial tomahawks, the use to 

 which their prototypes were put on the arrival of the Europeans 

 might throw some light on their own use. According to early writers 

 the term tomahawk was applied by the English colonists to a variety 

 of weapons, including the war-club, the celt-shaped ax, the grooved 

 ax, etc. The Virginia Indians called the English metal hatchet 



"tomahawk"; but whether they or 

 any other tribe applied this term 

 "to the native stone celt-hatchet is 

 not fully established" (Holmes). 



Other types of the monolithic 

 ax are met in the West Indies. So 

 far as the helve is concerned, there 

 are two insular types, although 

 with a single exception both agree 

 in having a pointed poll. In one 

 the helve is plain, in the other it is 

 carved so as to suggest the form of 

 an ape. A good example of the 

 latter, found near Santo Tomas de 

 Janico, Province of Santiago, San- 

 to Domingo, was figured by Prof. 

 E. T. Hamy, and later by Prof. M. 

 H. Saville. 



Prof. Emile Cartailhac 1 has 

 also figured a monolithic ax repre- 

 senting the effigy of a monkey, 

 similar in type to the one from 

 Santo Tomas de Janico. He notes 

 that it is entered in the catalogue 

 of the Musee d'Artillerie, Paris, as having been found in the Rhone, 

 near Valence. But in his opinion its first provenience was not 

 France; brought back from the West Indies as a curiosity, it had 

 been lost and sooner or later thereafter found again. Cartailhac's 

 illustration (fig. 4) shows distinctly that the pommel-end of the handle 

 is missing, as referred to in his text. This same specimen is figured 

 by Professor Hamy, 2 who does not use Cartailhac's illustration; nor 



Fig. 4. — Monolithic ax with effigy handle 

 representing an ape; probably from 

 Santo Domingo, yi. (Musee d'Artil- 

 lerie, Paris. After Cartailhac.) 



1 Les Ages prehistoriques de l'Espagne et du Portugal (fig. 138), Paris, Ch. Reinwald, 1886. 



2 Note sur des sceptres de pierre en forme de hache emmanchee, etc., C.-R. Congr. intern, 

 d'anthr. el d'arch. prehis., XIII e session, Monaco, t. II, p. 157, fig. 128, 1908. 



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