MOOREHEAD— RED-PAINT PEOPLE 



length of 35 cm.; it may be hollowed its entire length, or tapering, 

 or the depression may be V-shaped. Many of the specimens do not 

 present a gradual deepened groove, but on the contrary it is abrupt, 

 and the depression extends from the edge less than a third the length 

 of the specimen. Double gouges, and gouges highly polished, are not 

 infrequent. Second, the adz-blade, which may be thin and angular 

 — thinner than the celt. There is also the large, heavy, angular adz. 

 Occasionally there is a knob or projection on the back, but never 

 grooves, as in the case of Algonquian adzes. Third, the "plummet", 

 in a variety of forms. In nearly every grave there was a "plummet", 

 and sometimes as many as five or six. Fourth, the long, slender, 

 slate spear, varying from 10 to 32 cm. in length; most of these are 

 so delicate that they do not seem to have been used as offensive 

 weapons or in hunting. Fifth, the clear, translucent spearpoints of a 

 peculiar quartzite, some of which are almost agate-like. Faithful 

 search on and in scores of shell-heaps and ordinary camp-sites failed 

 to produce any of these objects. Sixth, the crescent, small and deli- 

 cate, and well made. Seventh, the effigy, a rare object, although 

 eight or ten have been found in the various cemeteries; they are 

 rather crudely made, and vary from 4 or 5 to 10 cm. in length. 

 There is a wolf or fox head, a porpoise, a whale, and a duck in the 

 Phillips Academy collection. Eight, iron pyrites or fire-stones, 

 rubbing stones, small bright-colored pebbles, and, lastly, great 

 quantities of ferric oxide, or red paint, which dominates everything 

 else. Frequently two pecks of it were taken from one grave; in fact, 

 we often discovered a cemetery by its discoloration. Similar con- 

 ditions are not found in the later Algonquian graves, or, for that 

 matter, in any graves or deposits in the United States. Ochre does 

 occur, and its use is widespread; but ochre in connection with the 

 eight types of objects and materials mentioned is not found else- 

 where. The two seem inseparable, and the two dominate beyond 

 question the character of the culture. 



The total number of Indian graves examined by Phillips Academy 

 during the last five years in Maine alone is about 310. Of these, 

 290 were in Red-paint cemeteries, while the others were found in 

 shell-heaps or upon the early historic Indian site at Sandy Point, 

 west bank of the Penobscot, 8 kilometers below Bucksport. All 

 investigations were conducted with the greatest diligence and care. 



The net result of the examination of the area mentioned leads me 

 heartily to concur in Mr Willoughby's conclusions. One might go 

 even farther and state that these graves are so old that it is often 

 impossible to trace their outlines. Twenty per cent of the stone 



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