WILLOUGHBY— ART OF EARTHWORK BUILDERS 



from copper are shown in e-h. The general method of laying out 

 a design is illustrated in i. This was evidently done in free-hand 

 with a sharp flint. Figures / and o are in the form of stones knives or 

 projectile points. Figure I was lying in contact with an obsidian 

 implement of like form and has incised upon its surface the outline 

 of what is apparently a barbed spear-point. That these people were 

 familiar with the atlatl or spear-thrower is evident from the design 

 shown in n. An interesting delineation of the horned serpent is 

 shown in m. It should be noted that the disc from the center of which 

 the long horn projects has two short arms which lie against the horn 

 for a part of its distance. If we eliminate the long horn we have 

 remaining a disc with two arms and a central perforation, a form 

 analogous to those occupying similar positions upon either side of the 

 serpent head shown in k, plate I. The grotesque human head, k, is 

 another good illustration of the humor of these Indians. The excellent 

 representation of the upper portion of a bear is illustrated in b. This 

 is one of several taken from an altar of the Turner group. Portions 

 of these effigies were carefully painted in red, brown, and pink 

 pigment. Several bird-like objects which had originally been painted 

 were taken from this altar. One of these is shown in d. 



TOBACCO-PIPES 



The remarkable collection of tobacco-pipes obtained by Squier 

 and Davis from the altar of one of the tumuli of "Mound City" is 

 too well known to archeologists to be considered here. Mr W. C. 

 Mills, of the Ohio Archeological and Historical Society, made a 

 similar find in 1915. 1 



One of the most elaborate pipes so far recovered is illustrated 

 on plate x, a, b. This was taken from one of the altars of the Hope- 

 well group and represents the spoonbill resting on the back of a fish. 

 The cavity for the tobacco is in the body of the bird and the per- 

 foration for the passage of smoke extends through the body of the 

 fish, the outer opening being its mouth. This appears to be made 

 from a kind of claystone and is colored black by the confined smoke 

 of the altar fires. A front view of the bird's head and beak is shown in 

 k. The incised lines extending from the nostrils to the tip of the 

 beak should be compared with those represented in /, which is a 

 drawing of the head and beak of a roseate spoonbill. A portion of 

 the beak of the spoonbill carved in ivory is represented in m; this 

 was taken from an altar of the same mound as the pipe. 



Ivory was used to a considerable extent by the Ohio earthwork 



1 See Mr Mills' paper in the present volume. 

 [477] 



