HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



builders. The source of at least a part of it was the fossil tusks of 

 the mammoth. 



In c we have one of the simpler forms of pipes of this culture 

 area. It is cut from a beautiful piece of green serpentine, and a large 

 pearl was probably set in the cavity near one end. The finely formed 

 pipe shown in d has the design e reversed upon the bowl. 



A very unusual pipe from the Liberty group of mounds, Ross 

 county, is illustrated in/, g. It is carved from a very compact brown 

 stone. The neck and part of the head have been broken off. The 

 opening to the bowl is through the mouth, and the smoke was drawn 

 through a perforation in the neck. 



This carving probably represents the head of a Snake priest, for 

 a portion of the rattle of a serpent appears just above the swastika 

 at the back of the head. This becomes clear upon comparing the 

 design with one of the rattles in the tail of the conventionalized 

 serpent shown in i, and also with that of the serpent monster illus- 

 trated in plate XI, h. The swastika, which in this instance is apparently 

 a wind symbol, adds to the probability of this interpretation. The 

 design upon the face doubtless represents facial painting. This is 

 shown developed in //. 



HOLLOW EFFIGIES 



Plate XI shows a class of objects from the tumuli, the use of which 

 is unknown. They are all hollow, and most of them are pierced by 

 one or more holes. The walls of some of them are very thin, and con- 

 siderable skill must have been required in their making. 



An eared owl is represented in a. The notched beak, the ears 

 which project upward over the eye, and the outline of the ruff extend- 

 ing backward and downward from the eye, are all characteristics of 

 this bird. This is made of a stone resembling serpentine, and like 

 most objects of this class is finely executed. Two other birds carved 

 from antler are shown in d and /. The notched beaks seem to indicate 

 that they were intended to represent hawks. The first was found 

 upon an altar, and the second accompanied a burial in the great 

 mound of the Hopewell group. The tadpole-like object (c) is made of 

 serpentine; a part of a pearl still remains in the eye. It is probable 

 that all of these effigies once had pearls inserted in their eye cavities. 



The beetle illustrated in b is carved in light-colored calcite and was 

 taken from the group of mounds at Grand Rapids before referred to. 

 What is perhaps the head of a doe is shown in e. This was obtained by 

 Squier and Davis, and the drawing is from a cast in the Peabody 

 Museum at Cambridge. 



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