HOLMES ANNIVERSARY VOLUME 



note the existence of reasons for regarding the mound culture north 

 of the Ohio river as an intrusion from the south, and also the general 

 distribution of the so-called problematic artifacts, such as banner- 

 stones, bird-stones, etc., over Area IV and the corresponding half of 

 Area I. The dissociation of the latter from the mounds was recognized 

 long ago, and, curiously enough, their distribution agrees with the 

 historic culture area. Thus, it seems that the chances favor there 

 having for long been a tendency toward three culture areas in eastern 

 United States: the northern, the southern, and the peninsula-gulf 

 coast. 



In a previous paper, the writer showed that the greater part of 

 eastern Canada, when considered from the standpoint of material 

 culture only, was continuous with the Dene area, which would bring 

 it in close agreement with the archeological Area XI. 



Hence, we see that even in this exceptional region there is no 

 sharp disagreement between the two classifications. 



No culture-area maps for South America have yet come to our 

 notice and the time has scarcely arrived for attempting one, but the 

 artifacts in our museums suggest six archeological areas as we have 

 indicated on the accompanying map: I, Colombia; II, Ecuador; 

 III, Peru; IV, Chile; V, the Atlantic Highlands; and VI, Patagonia. 

 There remains a space in the heart of the tropical forests for which 

 we have no data and where the geographical conditions are unfavor- 

 able to its accumulation. These areas have the same characteristics 

 as those of the Northern Continent, for they can be subdivided into 

 two or more centers of differentiation, yet in each case there are several 

 common traits uniting all localities within the same area. 



If now we take these archeological areas as representing the pre- 

 historic culture classification of the Southern Continent, we note again 

 a close correspondence with the culture areas of the historic period. 

 Areas I, II, III, and IV agree closely with the cultural relations at 

 the Spanish conquest, and that a sense of this distinction survives to 

 this day is indicated by the fact that each of these areas became an 

 independent nation when Spanish control was withdrawn. Area VI 

 was the home of the great hunting tribes, the only one in South 

 America in which the wearing of skin clothing and the use of skin 

 tents remind us of the northern hunting cultures. Into the greater 

 part of this area the horse and the wild ox were introduced and soon 

 entered into the culture of the natives. 



While there are great cultural differences among the tribes in 

 Area V, there are still important similarities. Agriculture and the 

 making of pottery are features of all. Cassava was raised wherever 



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