64 On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. [No. 1. 



augmented by various new elements or by reiteration, without affect- 

 ing the sense in either case. Here are some samples of the disjunct 

 and reiterated, or added na, with one of these singular equivalents. 

 Pronouns I. Thou. He. 



Tibetan ISTa, Nani. Khe, Khena. Khd, Khdna. 



Esthonian Ma 7 Minna. Si, Sinna. Ta, Temma. 



"We see here that the suffix ma is equal to the suffix na. So also 

 is the suffix ra, which has been noticed as common, in form and 

 function, to the Circassian and G-yarung tongues, but which in fact 

 has a wide and almost universal prevalence among these tongues, 

 being attached like all the other serviles alike to pronouns, nouns, 

 numerals, adverbs and changing or dropping its vowel as well as tak- 

 ing the sursuffix n, ng, without more alteration in its meaning than 

 in the other cases of reiteration and elision and vocalic changes 

 above illustrated in the pronominal roots and serviles, and in the 

 nominal ones also, by the subjoined note. 



In fact such, and much greater, reiteration, cumulation, substitu- 

 tion and vocalic change, with concomitant contractions medial and 

 final, affecting roots as well as serviles, are chief almost among the 

 fundamental laws of these languages and constitute the veil that has 

 so long concealed their complete affinity. "Who, for instance, would 

 suppose Namasini or contractedly Nanism, day, to be the same 

 with Ni, 'Nji, or JNm ? Show him, however, the intermediate forms 

 iNani, Mani and Sini, and show him also this intercalate y and final 

 n of the root, as well as this cumulation and these changes of the 

 serviles, holding good in a great number of other instances, and you 

 will carry him with you in this one and the rest, as I hope to do my 

 readers by and by. 



Here are some further pronominal illustrations of the Ea suffix. 



It attaches, as ra, to the 1st and 2nd singular in Circassian, exclu- 



Tunglhu, Sa-mi girl in Burmese (root me, mi). Note also the vocalic changes of 

 roots and of the servile ra, in ma-ri and mu-ru and m-ru ka servile of Geor- 

 gian kmari, is dropt in Suanic Mare, where again the servile ri becomes re. In the 

 Indo-chinese tongues we have the ka prefix present and absent in this very word, 

 man, just as in the Caucasian, witness k' lun in kolun being lun in Burmese. I 

 may add L-6-k in Tai and Le-g in Osetic with the k vel g suffix (root, lu, 16, le). 



