1853.] On the Mongolian Affinities oftlie Caucasians. 65 



sively ; to the 2nd singular only in Gyariing, as re ; to the 3rd sin- 

 gular only in Mongol and Mantchu, and Sokpo, as re ; to the 3rd 

 singular only in Gondi as r ; to the 3rd plural only in Turki, as re ; 

 to all three plurals, and to no singular in Bukheng, as rd ; to the 

 same in Burmese as do, (local difference and of pronunciation mere- 

 ly) ; to the 1st and 3rd plural in Mongol as da and de respectively ; 

 to all three plurals in Takpa, and to them only, as ra ; to all the 

 persons singular and plural in Tibetan, as rang, usually rendered by 

 self; to the 1st and 3rd plural in Ouigiir, as ar vel lar. The usual 

 reading of Olar, they, is O-lar, making lar a so-called plural sign. 

 But if 01 be ' he,' in Ouigiir and Turki, ol-ar must be ' they.' How- 

 ever, is undoubtedly the root ; as proveable by numberless instances 

 in the cognate tongues ; and la is an infix, and 0-la-ra, the true ety- 

 mological analysis, as of the Turkish anlar and anlare, the analysis 

 is, a-na-la-ra, a being here* the root (angge, to him a-ning, his), and 

 na-la-ra, serviles, whereof the first is the emphatic na above illus- 

 trated ; and ar, vel ra, vel la-ra, the so-called plural sign or signs, 

 though in my judgment it is to mistake the true genius and charac- 

 ter of these tongues to give to any of their particles, except with 

 extreme reserve, the attributes of strict grammar (declensional marks), 

 or a precise independant signification such as self for rang in Tibetan. 

 Bang is a compound of the ra, and ang particles. The phases of the 

 latter are a, an, ang, and the reflective or egoistic sense, such as it 

 is, (it is most like that of the Sanscrit swa) attaches, not to the 

 compound rang, but to the simple ang. In Bddo and Garo and 

 Hayu ang stands for the first personal pronoun; in Limbu and 

 many other allied tongues it is the first possessive, in the form of a. 

 In Tagala and Malaya a and aku represent the first personal, and 

 ang is an articular prefix of the same drift. The first personal is 

 an-ka in Kiranti and a-za in Osetic, prefix in all these instances, in 

 others even of the same tongues it is a suffix ;f but still whether 



* The change of the root from 6 to a in Turki and Ouigur is continued in 

 Mantchu, wherein it becomes i. Precisely in like manner we have Mi, vel Ma 

 vel Me, for five, and Ni, vel Na, vel Ne for day, in Caucasus. 



t As ang is prefix or suffix, so is any other servile, for instance the ka of anka, 

 here cited ; thus, k' mari, man, in Georgian (mari in Suanic) and Osurka, maid, 

 in Mingrelian (Osuri in Lazic). See on to further note. 



K 



