66 On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. [No. 1. 



attached to pronouns, verbs, or nouns and whether prefixed or post- 

 fixed or standing alone, as root or servile, it is apt to indicate a 

 reflective character. This is the reason why it so constantly marks 

 the possessive case, with or without a preposed particle ; but if with 

 one, usually the na conjunct, which is only one phase, as ang-ge is 

 another phase, of the repetition of itself; and this is also the reason 

 why in so many of these tongues the ang suffix when appended to 

 verbs and their participles, designates the first person. Thus Kazang 

 I eat, Kazangti I who eat, I the eater, I eating, from the root za, zo, 

 in Gyariing. Pire, give ; Pi-rang or Pirang-ge or Pirang-ne, give 

 to me, in Limbii, from the root Pi Davo, give, Davong give to me, in 

 Gyarung, from the root va, vo. These forms are imperative. The 

 indicative ones are similar, thus Pire and Dovo mean, you or h© 

 (quivis prseter meipsum) gives ; and Pirang, Dovong, I myself give, 

 Ang-ne and Ang-ge are equal and are reiterations of the a, an, or 

 ang particle.* Compare ang-ge to me, in Turki and Ouigur ; and 

 mang-ge to me in Ouigur with their equivalent ma-nan in Osetic. 

 Pire and Pirang show very pointedly that the reflective virtue re- 

 sides not in the ra particle but in the ang particle. This case also 

 examplifies their conjunction. Ma-nang is the disjunct form ; mang, 

 the conjunct ; and mang-ge, is the same, only more emphatic ; mang, 

 to me, mang-ge to myself; and mang-ne and mang-re, are both 

 equivalents and emphasizers merely. So mini is mine ; and mining* 

 ge, my own, in Mongol and Mantchii; the nang becoming ning 

 euphonically to harmonise with the mi root. And, by the way, we 

 may here, as in all the other derivatives, note the forthcomingness 

 of the widely prevalent Mi root, though obsolete as a nominative in 

 these two tongues, just as it is in the analogous sense of man (Ego = 

 homo plur. exem.) in Burmese, wherein however we similarly gather 

 it from its derivatives, woman and child, Mimmaf and Sa mi. 



* In Sontal Uraon, Ho and Hayu, the ang becomes ing, and eng with the very 

 same emphatic reiteration, viz. eng gna and ing ga. 



f Compare Esthonian Temma, supra, where suffix ma = emphatic na. All these 

 tongues affect alliteration and consonantal as well as vocalic harmony to an extent 

 quite perplexing, since each tongue has its fancies in this respect. Here ma is a 

 root. 



