1853.] On the Mongolian Affinities of the Caucasians. 67 



I have illustrated the pronominal and verbal uses of the ra parti- 

 cle, as well as explained its relation to rang. Here are some exem- 

 plifications of its nominal and other uses. I fear I shall weary the 

 r eader : but he must remember that what is true of this particle is 

 true of all the particles ; and that, whereas a confined view of the 

 character and functions of this grand element of these tongues has 

 led to very erroneous notions as to their general affinity, so a com- 

 plete conception of the nature of the particles is the best guide to a 

 just perception of that affinity. For instance, Bosen has dwelt on 

 the unique character of the Circassian pronouns arising in good part 

 out of the operation of the ra particle, and I, following him, have 

 announced with reasonable surprise the fact that the same pecu- 

 liarities are attached to the Gyariing pronouns, whereas in very truth 

 whatever he or I noticed in this respect as to the pronouns is equal- 

 ly true as to the nouns, adverbs, &c, and that not merely in the 

 languages of the Circassia and G-yarung, but in every tongue from 

 Caucasus to the Pacific. Here is the enumeration. 



Ma-re, man, Suanic, Ma-ri, man,* Georgian, Ma-ro man, Lepcha, 



* I here omit the ka prefix, with full warrant from usage: 



See prior note on kmari and kluu ; ka suffix in Ozurka is the same thing and 

 similarly omissible, witness osuri. Here 6 is the root, = u, meaning man, and it 

 also takes the k prefix. Sii is the sa particle harmonised in its vowel to the root. 

 It is a diminutive, so that O-sa, U-sa or U-a-sa is child and Kusa is equally child. 

 We have Kusa and A-sa in Limbu, and U-a-sa in Avor, l/-s in Osetic, LT-as in 

 Wogul, U-er in Armenian, Sa in its capacity of diminutive means woman as well 

 as child when added to any root for man as IT or Mi ; and hence Ossetic l/-sa wo- 

 man = Mi-sa, Newari. Such and so concordant are all the elements. In Ar- 

 menian Uerti, child, erti vel rati being servile, it follows that the u root for man 

 may express juniors as well as adults, whilst the Gyariing Us, man, and Ossetic 

 Us woman prove that the U root expresses both sexes meaning man-kind or the 

 species man, and also that Sa is not uniformly a diminutive but a synonyme. 

 This will be amply proved by and by, when the O-U-W, and the Sa, Si, Shi, roots 

 for mankind are arrayed, and then it will be also seen that the name of the Osetic 

 people is derived from two synonymes for man, and that, like Ta-ta, or Tshe-tshe- 

 nsh, it is = Allemanni. The Caucasian puzzle as to Us, Ush, Ushi, U-as, U-as- 

 sa, U-er, O-su, O-zu, is solved by this explanation, and if we add the Murmi Bu 

 root for man (supra) we have the clue to the Caucasian Bo-zo, Bo-shi, Bit-shi, Bi- 

 shi, for all which I have numerous Mongolian equivalents, thus Po-zo in Pasuko, 

 Pu-sa in Karien, Bu-cha in Tekpa, Bi-sha and Bi-shi in Bodo. 



