6S On the Mongolian affinities of the Caucasians. [No. 1. 



Mti-ru, man, Sunwar, M-ru, man, Mrii, Ile-ru, before, Turki, uz-re 

 upon, Turki, Herel-ri man, Sontal. 



Lan-re, once, Tibetan. Kyii-re, river, Akush. Tho-re, to-morrow, 

 Tibetan. "Wa-ran, rain, Ossetic. Mu-ran, river, Turki. Mai-ran, arm, 

 Mantchu. Kool-ron, child, Mongol. Kho-rang, sky, Bodo. Chak- 

 reng, hand, Garo. Di-rang, this, Serpa. De-ring, to-da^, Tibetan. 

 Re-m-bu, man, Limbu. Res-ga, where, Tibetan (samples of prefix). 

 Us-res man, Gyarung (sa, added). Egu-re, nine, Manyak. Ma-r, horse, 

 spoken Chinese. Ma-rhi horse, Sokpa. Ga-r, where, Tibetan. Ga-ru, 

 where, Tibetan. De-r, and De-ru, there, Tibetan. Ta-r-ti, cap, 

 Gyarung. Ti-r-mi, man, Gyarung. Ok-ur, ox, Magyar. O-zu-r-ka, 

 maid, Mingrelian (ka added see note). O-su-ri, maid, Lazic. U-er- 

 ti, boy, Armenian. Pu-r-ti, bird, Andi (ti, added, the rati suffix). 

 Do-r, stone, Osetic. Teng-er, sea, Magyar, Sha-r, ox, Mongol. 

 Khor, river, Avar. Kii-er, hand, Anziig. Ka-r, hand, Tshari. Ka-r. 

 hand, Sokpo. 



"We thus see that the ra particle changes its vowel to the utmost 

 (ra, re, ri, ro, rii) ; takes the ang or other additional particle, (ti, ka, 

 sa) ; occupies the initial (res-ga), medial (pu-r-ti), or final (ka-r) 

 position, or even both (r gu-re), with reference to the root, and 

 lastly, blends itself with that root dropping its vowel (gar), or stands 

 apart retaining its vowel (ga-ru) ; and all this without change or 

 even modification of the meaning of the word as derived from the 

 root further than a certain emphasizing can be so termed, as Kho- 

 rang, the sky ; ka-r, the hand. 



Such elements of speech, and all the serviles are essentially alike, 

 can with little propriety be designated by our grammar terms or 

 alleged to be conjugational or declensional marks except with ex- 

 treme caution. The essence of a grammatical rule or part of speech 

 is generalization : the essence of the function of these particles is 

 the very opposite or specialization ; and thus it is that unlimited 

 change of place and change of form belong to the latter, whilst no- 

 thing of the sort does or can belong to the former. 



Of the habit of applying our grammatical terms to the elements 

 of these tongues in central Asia, without any apparent perception 

 of their true character* as noted in the South Eastern islands, I will 

 give a sample from the Altaic group of languages. 



* To prove this it suffices to advert to Vater's derivation of the Caucasian kar 



